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CNG351 Lecture 10 DML Part 1

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14 views19 pages

CNG351 Lecture 10 DML Part 1

Uploaded by

berayseray382
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SQL: Data Manipulation

“SELECT - JOIN”

CNG351 - Data Management and File Structures


Lecture - 10
Instructor: Dr. Yeliz Yesilada
Data Manipulation
• INSERT: to insert data into a table;
• UPDATE: to update data into a table;
• DELETE: to delete data from a table;
• SELECT: to query data in the database;
• JOIN: to join relations.
SELECT Statement - Aggregates
• As well as retrieving rows and columns from the database, we often
want to perform some form of summation or aggregation of data
• ISO standard defines five aggregate functions:

– COUNT returns number of values in specified column.


– SUM returns sum of values in specified column.
– AVG returns average of values in specified column.
– MIN returns smallest value in specified column.
– MAX returns largest value in specified column.
SELECT Statement - Aggregates
• Each operates on a single column of a table and returns a single
value.
• COUNT, MIN, and MAX apply to numeric and non-numeric fields,
but SUM and AVG may be used on numeric fields only.
• Apart from COUNT(*), each function eliminates nulls first and
operates only on remaining non-null values. COUNT(*) counts all
rows of a table, regardless of whether nulls or duplicate values
occur.
• Can use DISTINCT before column name to eliminate duplicates.
• DISTINCT has no effect with MIN/MAX, but may have with
SUM/AVG.
SELECT Statement - Aggregates
• Aggregate functions can be used only in SELECT list and in HAVING
clause.
• If SELECT list includes an aggregate function and there is no GROUP BY
clause, SELECT list cannot reference a column out with an aggregate
function. For example, the following is illegal:
SELECT staffNo, COUNT(salary)
FROM Staff;

Example:
How many properties cost more than £350 per month to rent?
SELECT COUNT(*) AS myCount
FROM PropertyForRent
WHERE rent > 350;
Use of COUNT(DISTINCT)
How many different properties viewed in May ‘04?
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT propertyNo) AS myCount
FROM Viewing
WHERE viewDate BETWEEN ‘1-May-04’
AND ‘31-May-04’;
Use of COUNT and SUM
Find number of Managers and sum of their salaries.
SELECT COUNT(staffNo) AS myCount,
SUM(salary) AS mySum
FROM Staff
WHERE position = ‘Manager’;
Use of MIN, MAX, AVG
Find minimum, maximum, and average staff salary.
SELECT MIN(salary) AS myMin,
MAX(salary) AS myMax,
AVG(salary) AS myAvg
FROM Staff;
SELECT Statement - Grouping
• Use GROUP BY clause to get sub-totals.
• SELECT and GROUP BY closely integrated: each item in SELECT
list must be single-valued per group, and SELECT clause may only
contain:
– column names
– aggregate functions
– constants
– expression involving combinations of the above.
• All column names in SELECT list must appear in GROUP BY
clause unless name is used only in an aggregate function.
• If WHERE is used with GROUP BY, WHERE is applied first, then
groups are formed from remaining rows satisfying predicate.
• ISO considers two nulls to be equal for purposes of GROUP BY.
Use of GROUP BY
Find number of staff in each branch and their total salaries.

SELECT branchNo,
COUNT(staffNo) AS myCount,
SUM(salary) AS mySum
FROM Staff
GROUP BY branchNo
ORDER BY branchNo;
Restricted Groupings – HAVING clause
• HAVING clause is designed for use with GROUP BY to restrict
groups that appear in final result table.
• Similar to WHERE, but WHERE filters individual rows whereas
HAVING filters groups.
• Column names in HAVING clause must also appear in the GROUP
BY list or be contained within an aggregate function.
Use of HAVING
For each branch with more than 1 member of staff, find number of
staff in each branch and sum of their salaries.
SELECT branchNo,
COUNT(staffNo) AS myCount,
SUM(salary) AS mySum
FROM Staff
GROUP BY branchNo
HAVING COUNT(staffNo) > 1
ORDER BY branchNo;
Subqueries
• Some SQL statements can have a SELECT embedded within
them.
• A subselect can be used in WHERE and HAVING clauses of an
outer SELECT, where it is called a subquery or nested query.
• Subselects may also appear in INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
statements.
Subquery with Equality
List staff who work in branch at ‘163 Main St’.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position


FROM Staff
WHERE branchNo =
(SELECT branchNo
FROM Branch
WHERE street = ‘163 Main St’);
Subquery with Aggregate
List all staff whose salary is greater than the average salary, and
show by how much.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position,


salary – (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM Staff) As SalDiff
FROM Staff
WHERE salary >
(SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM Staff);
Subquery with Aggregate
• Cannot write ‘WHERE salary > AVG(salary)’ because aggregate
functions cannot be used in the where clause.
• Instead, use subquery to find average salary (17000), and then use
outer SELECT to find those staff with salary greater than this:

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position,


salary – 17000 As salDiff
FROM Staff
WHERE salary > 17000;
Subquery Rules
• ORDER BY clause may not be used in a subquery (although it
may be used in outermost SELECT).
• Subquery SELECT list must consist of a single column name or
expression, except for subqueries that use EXISTS.
• By default, column names refer to table name in FROM clause of
subquery. Can refer to a table in FROM using an alias.
• When subquery is an operand in a comparison, subquery must
appear on right-hand side.
• A subquery may not be used as an operand in an expression.
Nested subquery: use of IN
List properties handled by staff at ‘163 Main St’.
SELECT propertyNo, street, city, postcode, type, rooms, rent
FROM PropertyForRent
WHERE staffNo IN
(SELECT staffNo
FROM Staff
WHERE branchNo =
(SELECT branchNo
FROM Branch
WHERE street = ‘163 Main St’));
Summary
• SQL supports five aggregation operations: COUNT, SUM, AVG,
MIN, and MAX;
• The GROUP BY clause allows summary information to be
included in the result table;
• A subselect is a complete SELECT statement in another query.

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