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RAY OPTICS
(REFRACTION) KAISE HO MERE NANHE MUNNO. LET’S START PART 2 REFRACTION OF LIGHT
• PHENOMENON OF BENDING OF LIGHT FROM ITS STRAIGHT PATH WHEN
IT PASSES OBLIQUELY FROM ONE TRANSPARENT MEDIUM TO ANOTHER. LAWS OF REFRACTION OF LIGHT
• FIRST LAW :- • THE INCIDENT RAY , THE REFRACTED RAY AND THE NORMAL AT THE POINT OF INCIDENCE ALL LIE IN SAME PLANE.
• SECOND LAW :- • THE RATIO OF THE SINE OF THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE AND THE SINE OF ANGLE OF REFRACTION IS CONSTANT FOR THE GIVEN PAIR OF MEDIA. • THIS IS ALSO KNOWN AS SNELL’S LAW OF REFRACTION. REFRACTIVE INDEX
• REFRACTIVE INDEX IN TERMS OF SPEED OF LIGHT :-
• THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF A MEDIUM FOR A LIGHT OF GIVEN WAVELENGTH MAY BE DEFINED AS THE RATIO OF THE SPEED OF LIGHT IN VACUUM TO ITS SPEED IN THAT MEDIUM.
• REFRACTIVE INDEX OF A MEDIUM WITH RESPECT TO VACUUM IS ALSO
CALLED ABSOLUTE REFRACTIVE INDEX. REFRACTIVE INDEX
• REFRACTIVE INDEX IN TERMS OF WAVELENGTH :-
• SINCE FREQUENCY REMAINS UNCHANGED WHEN LIGHT PASSES FROM ONE MEDIUM TO ANOTHER , THEREFORE ,
• IT MAY BE DEFINED AS THE RATIO OF WAVE LENGTH OF LIGHT IN
VACUUM TO ITS WAVE LENGTH IN THAT MEDIUM. RELATIVE REFRACTIVE INDEX
• IT IS DEFINED AS THE RATIO OF THE SPEED OF LIGHT IN MEDIUM 1 TO
THE SPEED OF LIGHT IN MEDIUM 2. • IT IS DENOTED BY : - FACTORS ON WHICH REFRACTIVE INDEX OF MEDIUM DEPENDS : -
• NATURE OF THE MEDIUM.
• WAVE LENGTH OF THE LIGHT USED. • TEMPERATURE. • NATURE OF SURROUNDING MEDIUM. CAUSE OF REFRACTION OF LIGHT
• LIGHT TRAVELLS WITH DIFFERENT SPEED IN DIFFERENT MEDIA.
• THE BENDING OF LIGHT OR REFRACTION OCCURS DUE TO CHANGE IN SPEED OF LIGHT AS IT PASSES FROM ONE MEDIUM TO ANOTHER. • ACCORDING TO SNELL’S LAW :- CASES
• CASE 1 :-
• IF v1 > v2 , THEN AND sin i > sin r OR i > r i.e. REFRACRED RAY BENDS TOWARDS THE NORMAL. • HENCE A RAY OF LIGHT BENDS TOWARDS THE NORMAL AS IT REFRACTS FROM A RARER MEDIUM INTO A DENSER MEDIUM. CASES
• CASE 2 :-
• IF v1 < v2 , THEN AND sin i < sin r OR i < r i.e. REFRACRED RAY BENDS AWAY FROM THE NORMAL. • HENCE A RAY OF LIGHT BENDS AWAY THE NORMAL AS IT REFRACTS FROM A DENSER MEDIUM INTO A RARER MEDIUM. SIGNIFICANCE OF REFRACTIVE INDEX
• GIVES INFORMATION ABOUT THE DIRECTION OF BENDING OF
REFRACTED RAY. IT TELLS WHETHER THE RAY WILL BEND TOWARDS OR AWAY FROM THE NORMAL. • RELATED TO SPEED OF LIGHT. PRINCIPLE OF REVERSIBILITY OF LIGHT
• IT STATES THAT IF THE FINAL PATH OF THE RAY OF LIGHT AFTER IT HAS SUFFERED SEVERAL REFLECTIONS AND REFRACTIONS IS REVERSED , IT TRACES ITS PATH EXACTLY. PRINCIPLE OF REVERSIBILITY OF LIGHT REFRACTION THROUGH A RECTANGULAR GLASS SLAB LATERAL SHIFT OR LATERAL DISPLACEMENT
• THE PERPENDICULAR DISTANCE BETWEEN THE INCIDENT AND THE
EMERGENT RAYS , WHEN LIGHT IS INCIDENT OBLIQUELY ON A REFRACTING SLAB WITH PARALLEL FACES , IS CALLED LATERAL SHIFT OR LATERAL DISPLACEMENT. PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF REFRACTION
• REAL AND APPARENT DEPTHS.
• APPARENT SHIFT IN THE POSITION OF THE SUN AT SUNSHINE AND SUNSET. • APPARENT FLATTENING OF SUN AT SUNRISE AND SUNSET. REAL AND APPARENT DEPTHS
• IT IS ON ACCOUNT OF REFRACTION OF LIGHT THAT THE APPARENT
DEPTH OF AN OBJECT PLACED IN THE DENSER MEDIUM IS LESS THAN THE REAL DEPTH. REAL AND APPARENT DEPTHS DERIVATION NORMAL SHIFT AND FACTORS ON WHICH NORMAL SHIFT DEPENDS • THE HEIGHT THROUGH WHICH AN OBJECT APPEARS TO BE RAISED IN A DENSER MEDIUM IS CALLED NORMAL SHIFT. • SO, NORMAL SHIFT = REAL DEPTH – APPARENT DEPTH
• FACTORS :- • THICKNESS OF THE REFRACTING MEDIUM. • REFRACTIVE INDEX OF THE DENSER MEDIUM. APPARENT SHIFT IN THE POSITION OF THE SUN AT SUNSHINE AND SUNSET • THE APPATRENT SHIFT IN THE DORECTION OF THE SUN IS BY ABOUT 0.5 DEGREE. • THUS SUN APPEARS TO RISE EARLY ABOUT 2 MINUTES AND FOR SAME REASON , IT APPEARS TO SET LATE BY 2 MINUTES. • THIS INCRESES THE LENGTH OF DAY BOUT 4 MINUTES. • IF THERE WERE NO ATMOSPHERE , THERE WOULD BE NO REFRACTION OF LIGHT. HENCE LENGTH OF THE DAY WOULD NOT BE AFFECTED.
