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Direct integration method lecture

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Eddy Lynx
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6 views

Direct integration method lecture

Lecture notes

Uploaded by

Eddy Lynx
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Why determining Deflections

and slopes ?
• Understanding the slope and deflection of a structural element (such
as a beam, frame, or truss) is crucial for ensuring the safety,
stability, and functionality of the structure.

Some key purposes


• Design and Safety: Determining slopes and deflections helps
engineers ensure that structures remain within acceptable limits of
deformation, which is critical for safety and serviceability. Excessive
deflection can lead to structural instability or damage.
Why determining Deflections and slopes ?
• Load Distribution: By calculating deflections, engineers can assess how loads are
distributed throughout a structure. This information is vital for designing structures
that can safely support various loads without experiencing localized overloading.
• Aesthetics: In some architectural and civil engineering projects, aesthetics are
essential. Controlling deflections can help maintain the desired appearance and
functionality of a structure, especially in cases where excessive deflection may lead
to a visually unpleasing appearance.
• Functional Requirements: For structures like bridges, buildings, or other civil
engineering works, the performance and functionality of various components may
depend on the deflections. For example, for bridges, roadways need to maintain
certain grades even under loading conditions.
• Serviceability Limits: Engineers use deflection limits to define the serviceability of a
structure. For instance, residential building codes often specify maximum allowable
deflection limits for floors to ensure occupants' comfort and prevent damage to
finishes and fixtures.
Why determining Deflections and
slopes?
• Preventing Cracking: Excessive deflection can lead to cracking in concrete
structures. By calculating deflections, engineers can ensure that structures
remain within limits to prevent cracking and deterioration of the material.
• Compliance with Codes and Regulations: Building codes and regulations often
stipulate maximum allowable deflections for specific types of structures.
Compliance with these standards is essential for legal and safety reasons.
• Optimization: Calculating deflections can help engineers optimize the use of
materials and reduce construction costs. By understanding how a structure
behaves under load, they can make informed decisions on the size and type of
materials needed.
• Maintenance and Rehabilitation: Over the life of a structure, maintenance and
rehabilitation may be required. Calculating deflections can help assess the
condition of a structure and determine whether strengthening or repairs are
needed.
Double Integration method
• Deflection by double integration is also referred to as deflection by
the method of direct or constant integration.
• Is a powerful technique for determining the slope and deflection of
beams subjected to various loading conditions.
• It involves directly integrating the equation of the elastic curve.
(Equation which relates the slope and deflection to the shear and
moment along the beam's length.)
The Elastic Curve
• The curve that is formed by the plotting the position of the centroid
of the beam along the longitudinal axis is known as the elastic curve.

x and y are the coordinates shown in the Figure of the elastic curve of the
beam under load, y is the deflection of the beam at any distance x. E is the
modulus of elasticity of the beam, I
• Note:
dy/dx at any point on the curve gives slope at the point

And

Second derivative gives the curvature at the point which is equal to the
curvature (M/EI)
Double Integration method…..
• It involves writing expression(s) for M for the loaded beam in terms of x

• Obtain the deflection of a beam y(x) by integrating the differential equation


of the elastic curve of a beam twice

• Use boundary conditions (specific values of deflection or slope that are


known) and continuity conditions to determine the constants of integration.

Note
• The first integration yields the slope, and the second integration gives the
deflection.
• This method is best when there is a continuity in the applied loading.
Boundary conditions
Boundary Conditions…
Continuity conditions
• Occurs at points where the regions of integration meet, such as at point
C in the beam below.

• The deflection curve of this beam is physically continuous at point C,


and therefore the deflection at point C as determined for the left-hand
part of the beam must be equal to the deflection at point C as
determined for the right-hand part.
• Similarly, the slopes found for each part of the beam must be equal at
point C
Sign Conventions
Example
Determine the equations for the slope and deflection of the beam shown in Fig.
below by the direct integration method. Also, compute the slope at each end and
the deflection at the mid span of the beam. EI is constant.

Soln: Cut one section to obtain the equation of internal bending moment M(x);
But before making a section, determine support reactions Ay and By.
• Step 1. Obtain the Equation for Bending Moment
• determine the equation for bending moment for the beam, we pass a
• section at a distance x from support A, as shown in Figure,
Considering the free body to the left of this section, we obtain

• =

• But Thus
• Integrating the equation once for M/EI you obtain the equation for
the slope of the elastic curve of the beam;

Integrating once more, we obtain the equation for deflection as


• The constants of integration, C1 and C2, are evaluated by applying the following
boundary conditions:
• At end A;
x = 0; y = 0
• At end B;
x = L; y = 0
By applying the first boundary condition—that is, by setting x = 0 and y = 0 in the
equation for y—we obtain C2 = 0
Using the second boundary condition—that is, by setting x = L and y = 0 in the
equation for y—we obtain
Example 2
The cantilever beam shown in the figure below is subjected to a vertical
load P at its end. Use the double-integration method to determine:
(a) the equation of the elastic curve (b) the deflection and slope at A.
EI is constant.
From the free-body diagram, with M acting in the positive
direction as shown in figure,

we have M = -Px
• Using the boundary conditions
dy/dx = 0 at x = L ; and
y = 0 at x = L,
Eq. (2) and Eq. (3) becomes;
Example 3
Solution
• Draw FBD for the given system
• Determine the Reaction Forces at A and C

Taking moment at C;
Write the moment equations for two sections i.e
Section AB and section BC
Apply boundary conditions

Continuity conditions
From the continuity condition;
Exercise 1
Determine the equations for slope and deflection of the beam shown below
by the direct integration method. EI is constant.

Exercise 2
By using direct integration method, determine;
(a) The equations for slope and deflection of the beam
(b) Slope and deflection at point B. EI is constant.
Exercise 3
A cantilever beam is subjected to a combination of loading, as shown in
Figure below. Using the method of double integration, determine the slope
and the deflection at the free end.

Exercise 4
Determine the position and magnitude of the maximum deflection of the
simply supported beam in terms of its flexural rigidity EI.

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