CDMA OVERVIEW

• MULTIPLE ACCESS
• SPREADING SPECTRUM
• CODES IN CDMA
• CDMA CHANNEL STRUCTURE
• POWER CONTROL
• DIVERSITY
• HAND OFFS
○ TWO METHODS FOR SUBSCRIBER CONNECTION

Subscriber Exchange

Copper Local Loop

Subscriber Exchange

FSU BTS BSC

Wireless Local Loop

WHAT IS MULTIPLE ACCESS ?
NUMBER OF USERS ACCESS AND SHARE
• TRANSMISSION MEDIUM
• BANDWIDTH AVAILABLE
FOR COMMUNICATION AT THE SAME TIME.
 MULTIPLE ACCESS
• MULTIPLE SIMULTANEOUS TRANSMISSIONS.
• SHARING FINITE SPECTRUM AMONG LARGE
NO. OF SIMULTANEOUS USERS.
• NO PRE-ASSIGNED CIRCUIT TO ANY USER.
• ANY USER CAN ACCESS ANY CIRCUIT AND MAY
ACCESS DIFFERENT CIRCUITS FOR DIFFERENT
CALLS.
• DEMAND ASSIGNED CIRCUITS ON FIRST COME
FIRST SERVE BASIS.
• PRIVACY.
• TRUNKING EFFICIENCY; THEREBY
IMPROVEMENT IN SYSTEM CAPACITY.
 MULTIPLE ACCESS METHODS
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
FDMA is a multiple access method in which users are
assigned specific frequency bands. The user has sole
right of using the frequency band for the entire call
duration.

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

In TDMA an assigned frequency band shared among
a few users. However, each user is allowed to
transmit in predetermined time slots. Hence,
channelization of user is achieved through separation
in time.
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
(CDMA)

LARGE NUMBER OF TRANSMISSIONS ARE COMBINED

ON THE SAME RF CHANNEL AT THE SAME TIME BUT ARE
SEPERATED BY “CODES”.
 MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES
F

R FDMA
E

U
TDMA
E

C
CDMA
Y
TIME
RK/TR/ALTTC 7 WILL/ overview
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
CDMA is a method in which users occupy the same
time and frequency allocations, and are channelized by
unique assigned codes. The signals are separated at the
receiver by using a correlator that accepts only signal
energy from the desired channel. Undesired signals
contribute only to the noise.
A CDMA system uses effective power control process.
Advantages:-
The main advantages of this technology
are:
1. Fast Network deployment.
2. Reduced service interruptions.
3. Low Maintenance & operational cost.
4. Better system coverage flexibility
5. Higher capacity
6. Easy transition to mobile services.
Salient Features of CDMA
• It is an advanced comm. Technology.
• It has Anti-jam and security features.
• Large capacity as compared to other Technology.
like FDMA and TDMA.
• It uses spread spectrum technology.
• Better use of the multipath.
• Frequency Reuse.
Frequency Reuse
In CDMA reuse patterns are not required.
Subscriber in every cell can use the same frequency
at the same time. Subscriber is discriminated from
another by the assignment of a unique code to every
conversation.
In GSM freq. Reuse pattern of 7 is used.
 E F D
C B E F
G C B
D A G C
F D A
B E F D
C B E
A G C B

Frequency Reuse pattern of 7 (FDMA)

 A A A
A A A A
A A A
A A A A
A A A
A A A A
A A A
A A A A
CDMA Frequency Reuse
Frequency Bands

CDMA 824- 849 MHz

869- 894 MHz

PCS 1850- 1910 MHz

1930- 1990 MHz
CDMA channel is 1.25 MHz wide and there is a separation
of 45 MHz in the forward and the reverse channel in case
of cellular band & and 80 MHz in case of PCS band.
CDMA Channel in 800 MHz band
45 MHz

1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz

CDMA Channel in PCS band

80 MHz

1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz

SPREADING SPECTRUM
Shannon’s Equation
C= W Log (1+S/N)
Where C=Capacity (bps)
W=Bandwidth
S=Signal Power
N=Noise Power
• Shannon’s Capacity Equation is basis for spread spectrum.
System with large band width can operate at very low SNR level
& can provide acceptable data rate per user.
• Therefore in CDMA
- All users uses same 1.25 MHz spectrum.
- Each user has unique Digital code identifier.
- Digital codes separate users to avoid interference.
SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUES
1. Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum:
Spreading can also be achieved by hopping the narrowband
information signal over a set of frequencies. The type of
spreading can be classified as fast or slow depending upon
the rate of hopping to the rate of information.

2. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum:

The information signal is inherently narrowband, on the
order of less than 10KHz. The energy from this narrowband
signal is spread over a much larger bandwidth by
multiplying the information signal by a wideband spreading
code. DSS technique is used in the IS-95 CDMA cellular
system.
Direct Sequence Spread using Walsh code
 Consist of 64 orthogonal codes each 64 bits long
 Spreads spectrum to 1.2288 M bps from 9.6 Kbps
Channel Capacity
 C=W log (1+S/N)
 Increasing BW improves Signal Transmission with lower S/N

Narrow Band Waveform

Power
Spectral
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Noise Level
Density
Spread Waveform

Frequency
PROCESSING GAIN
One of the major advantages with an SS system is its
robustness to interference. The system processing
gain Gp quantifies the degree of interference
rejection. The system processing gain is the ratio of
RF bandwidth to the information rate:
Gp =W/R
=1.2288x 106 /9.6 x 103
=128
dBgain =10log 128
10

=21
Spread spectrum principle:
Originally spread spectrum radio technology was
developed for military use to counter the
interference by hostile jamming. The broad
spectrum of the transmitted signal gives rise
to”spread spectrum”. A spectrum signal is
generated by modulating the radio frequency (RF)
signal with a code consisting of different pseudo
random binary sequences, which is inherently
resistant to noisy signal environment.
 A number of spread spectrum RF signals thus
generated share the same frequency spectrum and
thus the entire bandwidth available in the band will
be used by each of the users using same frequency
at the same time.
On the receive side only the signal energy
with the selected binary sequence code is accepted
and information content is recovered. The other user
signals, whose codes do not match contribute only
the noise and are not “de-spread” back in
bandwidth. This transmission and reception of
signals differentiated by “codes” using the same
frequency simultaneously by a number of users is
known as code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).
Techniques as opposed to conventional method of
Frequency Division Multiple Access and Time
Division Multiple Access.
In the fig. It has been tried to explain that
how the base band signal of 9.6 kbps is spread
using a long pseudo-random Noise(PN) source to
occupy entire bandwidth of 1.25 Mhz. At the
receiving end this signal will have interference from
signals of other users of the same cell, user
different cells and interference from other noise
sources. All these signals get combined with the
desired signal but using a correlator and correct PN
code, the original data can be reproduced back.
 ORTHOGONAL SPREADING:-
TX RX

01101001100101100110
USER INPUT
USER OUTPUT
10011
Cell Cell
1001
1

10011001100110011001
10011001100110011001
CODE
CODE

User Input 1 0 0 1 1

Spreading 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001

Sequence

TX Data 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110

Decoding using correct Orthogonal Function

Rx Data 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110

Correct 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001
Function

1111 0000 0000 1111 1111

1 0 0 1 1
Decoding using incorrect Orthogonal Function

Rx Data 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110

Incorrect 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101

Function

0011 1100 1100 0011 0011

? ? ? ? ?
Spreading Codes
cdmaOne systems use two types of code sequences:
• Orthogonal sequences (Walsh codes).
• Pseudorandom Noise (PN) sequences.
Long codes (242 =4400 Billion)
Short codes (215 =32768)
Walsh Codes:-
In CDMA the traffic channels are separated by
Unique “Walsh” code. These are
(a) 64 codes of 64 Bit Length.
(b) Forwarded traffic channel Codes.
(c) All codes are orthogonal to each other.
(d) These codes provide Isolation between
multiple signals transmitted by base stations
The basic concept behind creation of the code is
as follows:
(a)Repeat the function right
(b)Repeat the function below
(c) Invert function (diagonally)

Fig: Seed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0
By using this technique we create a set of 64
such codes of 64 bit length which is known as
Walsh codes. All such codes are orthogonal to
each other. The individual subscriber now can
start communication using one of these codes.
These codes are traffic channel codes and are
used for orthogonal spreading of the information in
the entire bandwidth. Orthogonality provides
nearly perfect isolation between the multiple
signals transmitted by the base station.
PN Code Generation
- PN Codes are generated from prime polynomials using
modulo-2 arithmetic.
- State machines generating PN Codes consists of shift
registers & XOR gates.

0 0 1 out

Output will be a 7-digit sequence that

repeats continually 1001011
N
- The length of the PN Code is equal to 2 -1 ( N= no. of shift
registers).
 0 0 1 1

0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1

1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1

Sequence = 1001011 1001011

PN offset (Masking)
- Masking will cause the generator to produce the same
sequence but offset in time.
- Masking provides the shift in time for PN codes.
- Different masks corresponds to different time shifts.
- ESN are used as masks for users on the traffic channels.
LONG CODE
(a) 242 Bits polynomials.
(b) Forwarded channel Data (traffic and paging chls)
scrambled.
(c) Provides channelizations for the reverse chls.
(d) This code is unique for every subscriber.
(e) It is known as user address mask or user
identification.
(f) Subscriber are differentiated as no two same
codes are used.
(g) Repeats every 41 days (at a clock rate of 1.2288
Mcps)
• SHORT CODES
(a) This PN sequence is based on 215
characteristics polynomial.
(b) Differentiates cells and sectors.
(c) Identifies cells and sectors.
(d) Consist of codes for I & Q chls.
(e) Each cell uses different codes.
(f) Repeats every 26.67 msec (at a clock

rate of 1.2288 Mcps)

CDMA Channels
Forward Link Channels
Pilot Channel
Sync Channel
Paging Channels
Traffic Channels
Reverse Link Channels
Access Channels
Traffic Channels
CDMA CHL ARCHITECTURE
Pilot channel (W0)
The pilot is used by the subs unit to obtain initial
system synchronization and to distinguish cell
sites. Every sector of every cell site has a unique
pilot channel.
• Transmitted constantly.
• Allows the mobile to acquire the system.
• Provides mobile with signal strength comparison.
• Approximately 20% of the radiated power is in
the pilot.
• Has unique PN Offset(215 ) for each cell or sector.
Sync channel (W32)
Used during system Acquisition stage. Sync chl
provides the subs unit with network information
related to cell site identification, pilot transmit
power & cell site PN offset.
• Used by mobile to synchronize with the system
• Transmits sync message with
- Pilot PN offset - System time
- Long PN code - System ID
- Network ID - Paging chl data rate
• Tx at 1200 bps
PAGING CHLS (W1-W7)
On this chl base station can page the subs unit
and it can send call set-up and traffic chl
assignment information.
• Means of communication between base to
mobile station.
• Paging CHL data Rates can be 2.4,4.8 or 9.6
Kbps.
• CDMA assignment has 7 paging CHLs.
• Each paging CHL supports 180 pages per set.
• Total pages/ CDMA RF chl = 1260
• Provides mobile with
- System Parameter message - Neighbour list
- Access Parameter list - CDMA Channel list
• Used by base station to :
- Page mobile - Transmit overhead information
- Assign mobile to traffic channel
Traffic Channels ( W8-W31 & W33-W63)
The traffic chl carries the actual call. That is, the
voice and control information between the subs unit
& base station.
TX upto 9.6kbps on rate set 1 and upto 14.4kbps
on rate set 2.
Access CHLS.
(a) Provides communication from Mobile to base
station when mobile is not using traffic Chl. The
access chl is used for call origination & for
response to pages, orders & registration
requests. It is paired with corresponding paging
chl.
(b) Each Access CHL use long PN code.
(c) Base station responds to transmission on a
particular Access CHL.
(d)Mobile responds to base station message by
emitting on Access CHL.
(e) Tx at 4800bps
 cdmaOne Modulation
Information
A/D Vocoder
Information Bits

FEC
Code symbols

Chips
Spreading code Spreader PSK
generator
 Forward Traffic Channel Generation
I PN

9600 bps
4800 bps
2400 bps Power Wt
1200 bps Control
R=1/2 bit
Rate set 1
Convolutional Block 19.2 ksps
Encoder & Repetition interleaver
Rate set 2 1.2288
14400 bps R=3/4 19.2 Mcps
7200 bps ksps
3600 bps
1800 bps User
Long 1.2288 Mcps
Address 800bps
Code PN decimator decimator
Mask
(ESN)
64:1 24:1
O PN
 Reverse Traffic Channel Generation
I PN

9600 bps
4800 bps
2400 bps Orthogonal
1200 bps R=1/3 Modulation
Rate set 1 307.2
Convolutional Block 28.8 ksps KHz
Data
Encoder & Repetition interleaver Burst
Rate set 2 Rand.
1.2288
14400 bps R=1/2 Mcps
7200 bps
3600 bps
1800 bps User
Long 1.2288 Mcps
Address
Code PN
Mask
(ESN)
O PN
Rake receiver
CDMA mobiles use rake receivers. The rake
receiver essentially a set of four or more receivers
(or fingers). One of the receivers constantly
searches for different multipaths and helps to direct
the other three fingers to lock onto strong multipath
signals.
• Allows combined reception of up to three different
paths.
• Provides searcher receiver to identify changes in
path characteristics/new cells.
• Provides both path diversity and frequency diversity.
 Correlator 1 c
o
m
Correlator 2 b
i
n
Correlator 3 e
r

Searcher
Correlator

CDMA mobile rake receiver

 Rake receiver
ANTENNA

T0 T1 T2 T3 DELAY
TAPS

TAP
W0 W1 W2 W3 WEIGHTS

Summing
Circuit

OUTPUT
 VOCODER
Disadvantage of Digital Comm. System
Bandwidth expansion of digitally sampled speech
Solution :
Variable rate vocoder
S(t) S(n) P(n)
Speech CDMA
A/D RF
Encoder Modem

Microphone S(t): Input analog Speech

S(n): Input digitized speech blocked into 20 msec frames Mobile
P(n): Encoded packets every 20 msec representing parameters of speech RF
such as spectral envelope, pitch, energy and phases Channel
S(n): Reconstructed digital speech
S(t): Reconstructed analog speech

S(t) S(n) P(n)

Speech CDMA
D/A RF
Decoder Modem

Speaker
Hand offs
Softer handoff
Multi sector hand off (Intra BTS)
• Can have upto 3or 6 sectors involved (same cell)
• Voice data is combined at cell and passed as one cell to
BSC
• Make before break
Soft handoff
Multi-cell Handoff (Inter BTS)
• Can have upto 3 cells involved (same FA)
• Each cell provides voice data to BSC
• Voice data is selected at SVC to vocoder in BSC
• Make before break
CDMA Capacity

W/R 1 1
N= -------*-----*--------*n *g
Eb/Io d 1+f
Where
N= calls per sector
W= Spread spectrum Bandwidth (1.25 MHz)
R= data rate (9.6 kbps or 14.4 kbps)
Eb/Io= Bit energy/ other user interference density (7dB)
d= Voice activity factor (0.4)
f= other interference/ same interference (0.6)
n= loading factor (0.8)
g= reduction for variable power (0.85)

N= 27 users per sector for R=9.6Kbps

18 users per sector for R=14.4Kbps
Power control
CDMA will not work without an effective power control,
because of the near-far problem, fading & varying path
loss.
The system requires fast closed loop power control for
Raleigh fading.
Requires wide dynamic range open loop power control to
handle variations in path losses in different locations.
Open loop power control:
An original estimate is made by the mobile. Mobile
adjusts its trans power according to changes in its received
power from the base station.
Closed loop power control:
• Base station provides rapid correction to the mobiles.
• Compares with the threshold value.
• Takes decision for increasing or decreasing the power.
• Commands the mobile to adjust the output power
accordingly.

=== 0 ===
 Power control in CDMA

• There are basically two methods of power

control in CDMA
– Open loop power control: This is purely a mobile
unit function. It gives open estimation. This is done
only during the initial stage as soon as the mobile is
turned on.
– Closed loop power control:This involves both, the
Base station and the mobile unit and gives the closed
loop power correction.
 Open loop power control
• When the mobile is turned on, it locks on to
the pilot, paging and synch channel.
• There is no traffic channel assigned to the
mobile and hence no closed loop.
• The mobile Tx power will be inversely
proportional to the pilot strength received.
 Open loop power control
• The first access probe is sent at a nominal power
given by:
– (Pt)mobile=-(Prx)-73+ Nom_pwr +Init_pwr+ correction
– Init_pwr= its range is –16 to +15 db with 0db nominal
value
– Nom_pwr= correction required(range –8 to
+7db with 0db nom value)
– For example,if the nominal rec. level is –90dbm, then the
mobile Tx power is +17dbm without any correction.
– If BTS does not responds,then pwr_step=0-7db
 Closed loop power control
• After the traffic channel is assigned, the
power control shifts to closed loop control
• Reverse channel has got 16 power control
groups of 1.25ms in one 20ms frame.
• BTS receives the mobile receive power once
every 1.25ms and BTS send Power control bit
in the 2nd next 1.25 ms cycle to increase(0) or
decrease(1) the power by 1db.