Individual Behaviour

Unit: III

Management Concepts & Mr.Ankur Lohiya

Organizational Behavior Department of
KMBN101 MBA
MBA I Semester

Ankur Lohiya KMBN101

1
Unit-3
 Topic Objective & Topic Outcome

S No Topic CO

1 Personality CO 4

2 Types of Personality CO 4

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 Meaning of Personality

Personality is the sum total of the ways in which an

individual reacts and interacts with others.”
Academician defines personality as:
 External appearance and behaviour.
 The inner awareness of the self as a permanent
organising force.
 The particular organization of measurable traits, both
inner and outer.

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 Determinants of Individual Personality or Nature

 Cultural factors
 Family and social factors
 Situational factors
 Biological factors

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 Types of Personality

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 Types of Personality

Type A Personality –

 Are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly;

 Feel impatient with the rate at which most events take
place;
 Strive to think or do two or more things at once;
 Cannot cope with leisure time;
 Are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success
in terms of how many or how much of everything they
acquire.

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 Types of Personality

Type B Personality-

 Never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its

accompanying impatience;
 Feel no need to display or discuss either their
achievements or accomplishments;
 Play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit
their superiority at any cost;
 Can relax without guilt.

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 Theories of Personality

 Trait theory
 Freud theory
 Adler and Jung theories
 Social learning theories
 Holistic theories

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 Theories of Personality

 Trait theory
 Freud theory
 Adler and Jung theories
 Social learning theories
 Holistic theories

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 Trait Theory

 Individual can be described in terms of construction

of traits such as affiliation, achievement, anxiety,
aggression and dependency.
 Trait distinguishes one personality from another.
 The traits and the amount of each trait that a person
has assumed to be stable fairly and the differences in
personality and behaviour between two individuals

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 Trait Theory

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 Big Five Personality Traits

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 Freud Theory

Id: Is the original and the most basic system of human

personality. It consists of everything psychologically
that is inherited and present at the time of the birth.
Ego: The ego is the reality oriented pan in thinking; it is
largely practical and works in an executive capacity.
Ego is rational and logical
Super ego: It represents noblest thoughts, ideals,
feelings that are acquired by a person from his parents,
teachers, friends, religion, organization and colleagues
etc.

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 Freud Theory

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 Adler and Jung theory

 Adler emphasized the thrust for superiority as a drive which

motivates the individual.
 He developed the concepts of compensation and the inferiority
complex based on the drive for power. Individuals who are
weak in one area of work tend to excel in another area of work.
 Adler stressed social relationships instead of innate or
biological factors.
 Jung developed analytical psychology stressing the
unconscious aspect of psychoanalysis.
 According to him, personality is based on predisposing patterns
borrowed by the individual from his ancestors.

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 Social learning theory

 This theory considers the situation as an important against trait

theories According to this theory, an individual's action in a
given situation, individual 's appraisal of the situation and
post enforcement to behavior is somewhat similar situations.
 (a) Direct: Refers to the social approval or disapproval or
alleviation(relaxation) of aversive(reverse) conditions and
other tangible rewards.
 (b) Vicarious: Refers to observation of someone else receiving
reward or punishment for similar behavior.
 (c) Self-administered: Refers to evaluation of one's own
performance with self praise or reproach.

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 Holistic Theories

 Kolasa has grouped several theories under a common title

Holistic theorist.
 They include holistic, organismic and field theorists who
stress on the totality and inter relatedness of all kinds of
human behaviour.
 In spite of the common aspect of emphases on the
individual as a whole, they differ in many ways.

 Maslow has focused on the concept of needs derived from

the positive and optimistic dimensions of the individual's
total functioning.

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 Holistic Theories

Rogers visualizes personality in terms of the organism

(or of the whole individual) functioning in a
phenomenal field (or the entire experience).
Herzberg approach considers man in his two aspects.
One aspect of the man is 'Adam' or the animal nature
which aims to avoid the pain of adjustment to the
environment Abraham which motivates him to achieve
and add to his existence the Adam aspect of man
possesses hygiene needs which are satiated through
salary, working conditions and fringe benefits.

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 Daily Quiz
 The combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual’s
distinctive character” is the definition of ____
a) Personality
b) Motivation
c) Attitude
d) Behaviour
 The family condition and impact of the parents is the main base for the
personality of a person. Later it might change by ________
a) thinking
b) external influences
c) own ability
d) learning experiences

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 Daily Quiz
 Every individual is ________ by their personality.
a) Intellectual
b) Specific
c) Unique
d) Systematic
 Outgoing, talkative, social are part of __________ Personality Trait as
per big 5 personality trait
a) Friendly
b) Openness to experience
c) Introversion
d) Extroversion

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 Youtube Video Links

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4fYtjb5-UA
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IB1FVbo8TSs
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGmfY2Hx0OQ

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 Meaning of Attitude

• Attitudes are fundamental determinants of our perceptions of, and

actions toward all aspects of our social environment. Attitudes
involve a complex organisation of evaluative beliefs, feelings and
tendencies toward certain actions.
• How much we like or dislike something determines our behaviour
towards that thing. We tend to approach, seek out or be associated
with things we like; we avoid, shun or reject things we do not like.

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 Attitude will have three components:

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 Types of Attitudes:

• Attitudes are of three types:

a. Positive:
• A favourable attitude—liking people, objects,
situation, etc.
b. Negative:
• An unfavourable attitude—does not like people/
objects, etc.
c. Neutral:
• Neither favourable nor unfavourable.
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 Attitude Formation

The question often arises, ‘how are the attitudes and

subsequent behaviors formed?’ While attitudes are basically
learned over the years, some inherited characteristics do
affect such attitudes.
Some of the learned characteristics responsible for attitude
formation are:
 Experiences
 Perceptual biases
 Observation of other person attitude
 Association
 Personality

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 Importance of Attitude

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 Types of Attitude

There are broadly three types of attitude in term of organisational

behavior:

 Job satisfaction
 Job involvement
 Organizational commitment

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 Components of Attitude

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 Components of Attitude

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 Attitude Change

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 Youtube Video Links

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ov6qIl4Qo14
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QCD8AHklew
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ah0q7XE6Tjg

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 Daily Quiz
 Attitude is defined as “a learned predisposition to respond in a consistently
________ with respect to a given object.”
A. favourable or unfavourable manner
B. favourable manner
C. unfavourable manner
D. None
 Attitudes affect _________ at a different level
A. Relations
B. Perception
C. Behaviour
D.None

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 Daily Quiz
 Stephen Robbins defined Job related attitudes in _________ ways
A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five

 The foundation or base of the components of Job related attitudes is

______________
A. Job satisfaction
B. Individual Attitude
C. Job Performance
D. Behaviour

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 Meaning & Type of Group Behaviour
 A group is defined as ‘two or more individuals, interacting and
mutually dependent on each other, who have come together to
achieve particular objectives’
 In simple words, group means two or more individual who share
common values, norms and interest.

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 Types of Group

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 Characteristics of Group

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 Why People Join Group?

• Stephen P. Robbins gives six reasons of why

the people join the groups:
• Security
• Status
• Self Esteem
• Affiliation
• Power
• Goal Attainment
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 Theories of Group Formation
 Propinquity Theory: person affiliated with one another because of
geographical proximity. For example, the theory would predict those
workers who work nearer in workplace are more likely to form group
then the other workers.
 Homan’s interaction theory: The theory is based on activities,
interactions and sentiments.
 Balance theory: persons are attracted to one another on the basis of
similar attitudes toward commodity, relevant object and goals.
 Exchange theory : Based upon reward and cost outcomes of
interaction.
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 Interpersonal skills
 Interpersonal skills are the qualities and behaviors a person uses to
interact with others properly.
 In the business domain, the term refers to an employee’s ability to
work well with others while performing their job.
 Interpersonal skills range from communication and listening to
attitude and deportment.
 Strong interpersonal skills are a prerequisite for many positions in an
organization.

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 Interpersonal skills
 Interpersonal skills cannot be learned solely from a textbook.
 They come naturally to some people, while other people have to
work at cultivating them.
 In many organizations, employees with strong interpersonal skills are
valued for their pleasant demeanor and positive, solution oriented
attitude.
 These employees are team players, who work well with others to
achieve a goal.

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 Interpersonal Skills in the Workplace
Interpersonal skills may also include:
 Teamwork
 Verbal and written communication
 Dependability
 Responsibility
 Empathy

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 Interpersonal Skills

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Unit-3
 Youtube Video Links

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/waymaker-psychology/chapter/reading-w
hat-is-perception/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWCcFrnGPBw

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 Daily Quiz
 ………………..Theory is based upon reward and cost outcomes
of interaction.
a.Exchange b. Homan’s c. Balance d. Propinquity
 ________are the qualities and behaviors a person uses to interact
with others properly.

 The theory is based on activities, interactions and sentiments.

a.Exchange b. Homan’s c. Balance d. Propinquity

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 Daily Quiz
 Which of the following is true regarding formal groups?
(a) They are natural formations that arise in response to the need
for social contact.
(b) They lack clearly defined structures and roles for their
members.
(c) They have a negligible impact on employee performance and
behavior.
(d) They are marked by stipulated behaviors in pursuit of
organizational goals.

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 Transactional Analysis
• Developed by Canadian born US psychiatrist Eric Berne
during the late 1950s.
• Transactional Analysis (TA) is is a psychoanalytic theory and
method of therapy, developed by Eric Berne during the 1950s.
Transactions refer to the communication exchanges between
people.
• A model for explaining why and how:
– People think like they do
– People act like they do
– People interact/communicate with others

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 3 Ego States
• According to TA, we have three sides or 'ego-states' to our
personality – the Parent, Adult and Child ego states.
• An ego state is a way of us experiencing the world. It is an
entire system of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours from which
we interact with one another

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 3 Ego States
• Parent (rooted in the past) — Contains the attitudes, feelings,
and behavior incorporated from our parents (or any primary
caregiver).
• It involves responding as one of our parents would have:
saying what they would have said, feeling what they would
have felt, behaving how they would have behaved.

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 3 Ego States
• The Adult ego state operates in the here and now and
rationally processes what we are thinking and feeling, which is
based on facts without interference of unconscious
contamination.
• The Child Ego
• The Child ego state is not when we are acting childish, or
what others perceive as childish behaviour. It is how we
behaved, thought and felt, replayed out as we did as a child.

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 3 Ego States

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 Types of transaction

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 Types of transaction
• Complementary transactions- are when two
people's ego states are sympathetic or
complementary to one another.
• Example:A supervisor communicates in the
parent-to-child ego when he reprimands an
employee for being late. If the employee
responds by apologizing and saying it won't
happen again, the employee is in the child-to-
parent ego state and the result is a
complementary transaction.
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 Types of transaction

• • Crossed transactions-
Crossed
transactions happen
when Person 1 says
something from one
ego state, and receives
a different response
than he/she is
expecting.

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Unit-3
 Types of transaction

• • Crossed transactions-
Crossed
transactions happen
when Person 1 says
something from one
ego state, and receives
a different response
than he/she is
expecting.

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Unit-3
 Types of transaction

• • Ulterior Transactions
• In ulterior transactions two
messages are conveyed at the
same time — a social message
on top and the psychological
message at the bottom.

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 Johari Window

• The ‘Johari’ window

model is a convenient
method used to achieve
this task of understanding
and enhancing
communication between
the members in a group.
American psychologists
Joseph Luft and Harry
Ingham developed this
model in 1955.
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Unit-3
 Johari Window

• Each person is represented by the Johari

model through four quadrants or window
pane.
• Each four window panes signifies personal
information, feelings, motivation and whether
that information is known or unknown to
oneself or others in four viewpoints.

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Unit-3
 Johari Window

• The Open Area: ideal for personal

development discussions
• The Blind Spot: creates an opportunity to
seek feedback
• The Hidden Area: gives the opportunity to
share, thoughtfully
• The Unknown: offers the opportunity to
unlock your potential with fresh challenges
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Unit-3
 Weekly Assignment

• Define Groups and Group Behaviour.

• Explain the various theories of group formation.
• Explain the reasons why people join groups.
• Explain the different Ego states in Transactional
Analysis.

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 Youtube Video Links

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zi4SvpAFRmY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KdYo5jn29w4

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 MCQ s
• Which of the following is true, in general, in regard to groups?
(a) A group is characterized by the independence of its
members.
(b) A group typically lacks definite roles and structures.
(c) A group influences our emotional reactions.
(d) An informal gathering cannot be considered a group.

• An informal group is characterized by the ________.

(a) stipulation of expected behaviors by the organization
(b) predetermined designation of tasks of members
(c) pursuit of particular organizational goals
(d) fulfillment of the need for social contact

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 MCQ s
3. Our tendency to take personal pride or offense for the accomplishments
of a group we are a part of is the territory of the ________ theory.
a) Social exchange
b) Expectancy
c) Social identity
d) Reinforcement
4. Mismatch between personality and organization may lead(s) to

e) Confusion and chaos

f) Loss of interest by members in organization

g) Low morale and job satisfaction

h) All of the above

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 MCQ s
 Major determinants of personality
a) Biological
b) Situation
c) Both (A) and (B)
d) None of the above

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 Glossary Questions

Key Words- Group , Parent ,Child, Formal, Behaviour

1. A ______is the arrangement of the individuals who have something
in common, i.e., either they possess a similar trait or falls into the
same situation
2. When people collaborate to attain the organizational goals or
objectives, they are said to form a ____ group..
3. The _____ ego state also has information learnt from older siblings,
teachers and other figures of authority.
4. The ______is the set of feelings, attitudes and behaviors that are in
direct response to the here-and-now reality.
5. Attitudes affect _________ at a different level.

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 Old Question Papers

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 Old Question Papers

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 Old Question Papers

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 Old Question Papers

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 Expected Questions for University Exam

• Explain the different types of transactions and ego states in

transactional analysis.
• Explain the different types of Attitudes.
• Explain the reasons why people join groups.
• Explain the concept of Attitude and its formation in detail.

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 Summary

• Individuals form groups. They live in groups. They move in groups.

They work in groups. Groups are important. They influence work
and work behaviour
• Transaction analysis is a system of popular psychology based on the
idea that one's behavior and social relationships reflect an
interchange between parental (critical and nurturing), adult
(rational), and childlike (intuitive and dependent) aspects of
personality established early in life.

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 References

1.Koontz Harold, Weihrich Heinz& Mark V. Cannice – Essentials of

management (Tata McGraw Hill, 11thEdition,2020)
2. Robbins Stephen P& Judge Timothy A. ―Organizational Behaviour
(Pearson)
3. Robbins &Coulter :Management (Pearson, 14th Edition, 2019)
4. Pareek Udai :Understanding Organizational Behaviour, (Oxford
University Press, 4th Edition, 2016)
5.Luthans Fred : Organizational Behaviour, (McGraw Hill International
Edition, 12th Edition,2013)
6. Prasad L. M. : Principles and Practices of Management,
(SultanChand& Sons, 9th edition,2016)

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 Thank You

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