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Introduction to Computer1

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Introduction to Computer1

Uploaded by

rayyan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

Computer
•Computer
A computer is an electronic/digital device, operating under the
control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept
data (input), process the data according to specified rules,
produce information (output), and store the information for future
use
Functionalities of a computer
Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms:
· Takes data as input.
· Stores the data/instructions in its memory and use them when
required.
· Processes the data and converts it into useful information.
· Generates the output
· Controls all the above four steps &
· Processing Data Information
Computer Components
• Hardware

• Software
Hardware
• A Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements
”Tangible objects” that constitutes a computer system.
• It is the actual machinery, wires, transistors, and circuits … etc.
Hardware
Software
• Computer Programs

• instructions and data


Computer Components/ Units
Units
• Input Unit
• Central processing Unit
• Primary Memory Unit
• Secondary storage Unit
• Output Unit
Computer Units
Input Devices
• Input Devices
Input device is any peripheral (piece of computer hardware
equipment to provide data and control signals to an information
processing system such as a computer or other information
appliance.

• Input device Translate data from a form that humans


understand to one that the computer can work with.

Most common are keyboard and mouse


Input Devices
• Example of Input Devices
• Keyboard Mouse (pointing device)
• Microphone
• Touch screen
• Scanner
• Webcam
• Touchpads
• MIDI keyboard
• Graphics Tablets CONT Input devices
• Cameras
• Pen Input
• Video Capture Hardware
• Trackballs
• Barcode reader
• Digital camera
• JoystickGamepad
• Electronic Whiteboard

• Note: The most common use keyboard is the QWERTY


keyboard. Generally standard Keyboard has 104 keys
Central Processing Unit
• CPU
known as microprocessor or processor

It is responsible for all functions and processes


CPU Components
•The CPU is comprised of three main parts
•ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
•Control Unit (CU)
•Registers: Stores the data that is to be executed next.
ALU
•ALU Executes all arithmetic and logical operations.
•Arithmetic calculations like as addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division.
•Logical operation like compare numbers, letters, or special
characters
Control Unit (CU)
• Control Unit (CU): controls and co-ordinates computer
components.
• Read the code for the next instruction to be executed.
• Increment the program counter so it points to the next
instruction.
• Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in
memory.
• Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register.
• If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to
complete, instruct the hardware to perform the requested
operation.
Registers

• Registers:
Stores the data that is to be executed next, "very fast storage
area".
Primary Memory & Secondary Memory

•Primary Memory
1. RAM.
2. ROM
Primary Memory 1

•RAM: Random Access Memory: is a memory scheme within the


computer system responsible for storing data on a temporary
basis, so that it can be promptly accessed by the processor as
and when needed.
•It is volatile in nature, which means that data will be erased once
supply to the storage device is turned off.
•RAM stores data randomly and the processor accesses these
data randomly from the RAM storage.
•RAM is considered "random access" because you can access
any memory cell directly if you know the row and column that
intersect at that cell.
Primary Memory2.

•ROM (Read Only Memory):


•ROM is a permanent form of storage.
•ROM stays active regardless of whether power supply to it is
turned on or off.
•ROM devices do not allow data stored on them to be modified.
Secondary Memory

•Secondary Memory Stores data and programs permanently


its retained after the power is turned off
Main Examples are
•Hard Disk
•Optical Disk
•Flash memory
Secondary Memory

• Hard Disk Called Disk drive or HDD


stores and provides relatively quick access to large amounts of
data.
• Stores data on an electromagnetically charged surface or set of
surfaces.
•Optical Disk & Flash
an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light to
store data.
•There are three main types of optical media: CD, DVD, and Blu-
ray disc
CD “Compact Disk” can store up to 700MBDVD
“ Digital Video Disk “ can store up to 8.4 GB .Blu-ray disc. can
store up to 50 GB
•. Flash Disk
A storage module made of flash memory chips. A Flash disks
have no mechanical platters or access arms, but the term "disk"
is used because the data are accessed as if they were on a hard
drive.
The disk storage structure is emulated.
Output Unit

• An output device is any piece of computer hardware


equipment used to communicate the results of data processing
carried out by an information processing system (such as a
computer) converts the electronically generated information into
human-readable form.
Output devices

•Output devices Examples


Monitor LCD
•Projection Panels
•Printers (all types)
•Computer Output Microfilm (COM)
•Plotters
•Speaker(s)
•Projector
Software

Software
is a generic term for organized collections of computer data and
instructions, often broken into two major categories, two major
categories:
• system software
• application software
System software

•System software Known as Operating System


is responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing the
individual hardware components of a computer system
•Windows is an example of OS
•.example of System Software:
•1) Microsoft Windows 2) Linux 3) Unix 4) Mac OSX 5) DOS
Application software

•Application software is used to accomplish specific tasks other than just


running the computer system.
•It may consist of
:a single program, such as an image viewer;
a small collection of programs (often called a software package)
that work closely together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet or
text processing system;
a larger collection (often called a software suite) of related but
independent programs and packages that have a common user interface
or shared data format, such as Microsoft Office,
Unit of Measurements - Storage
•Storage Units
•Bit BIT 0 or 1
•Byte B 8 bits
•Kilobyte KB 1024 bytes
•Megabyte MB 1024 kilobytes
•Gigabyte GB1024 megabytes
•TerabyteTB1024 gigabytes
Unit of Measurement -Speed

•Unit of Measurement -Speed


The speed of CPU measured by unit called Hertz (Hz)
•1 Hz represent 1 cycle per second.
•The speed of CPU is known as Computer Speed.
Unit of Measurement -Speed
CPU SPEED MEASURES
•1 hertz or Hz1 cycle per second
•1 MHz1 million cycles per second or 1000 Hz
•1 GHz1 billion cycles per second or 1000 MHz

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