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Bio Signal 1

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35 views29 pages

Bio Signal 1

Uploaded by

Naty Seyoum
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Interpret Biomedical

Signals
Introduction to Electronic Communication
 Introduction
 Types of Electronic Communication
 Modulation, Multiplexing and Demodulation
 Fiber Optics
 Electromagnetic spectrum
 Concept of superhetrodyne receiver
Introduction to Electronic
Communication
Significance of Human Communication

 Communication is the process of exchanging information.

 Main barriers are language and distance.

 Contemporary society’s emphasis is now the accumulation,

packaging, and exchange of information.


Methods of communication:

1.Face to face

2.Signals

3.Written word (letters)

4.Electrical innovations:
• Telegraph any device or system that allows the
transmission of information by coded signal over
distance.
 Telephone
 Radio
 Television
 Internet (computer)
Communication Systems
Basic components:
 Transmitter

 Channel or medium

 Receiver

 Noise degrades or interferes with transmitted information.


Transmitter

 The transmitter is a collection of electronic components and

circuits that converts the electrical signal into a signal

suitable for transmission over a given medium.

 Transmitters are made up of oscillators, amplifiers,

tuned circuits and filters, modulators, frequency

mixers, frequency synthesizers, and other circuits.


Communication Channel

 The communication channel is the medium by which the


electronic signal is sent from one place to another.
 Types of media include

• Electrical conductors
• Optical media
• Free space
• System-specific media (e.g., water is the medium for sonar).
Receivers

 A receiver is a collection of electronic components and


circuits that accepts the transmitted message from the
channel and converts it back into a form understandable by
humans.
 Receivers contain amplifiers, oscillators, mixers, tuned
circuits and filters, and a demodulator or detector that
recovers the original intelligence signal from the modulated
carrier.
Transceivers

 A transceiver is an electronic unit that incorporates circuits


that both send and receive signals.
 Examples are:
• Telephones

• Fax machines

• Handheld CB radios

• Cell phones

• Computer modems
Attenuation
 Signal attenuation, or degradation, exists in all media of
wireless transmission. It is proportional to the square of the
distance between the transmitter and receiver.

Noise
 Noise is random, undesirable electronic energy that enters
the communication system via the communicating medium
and interferes with the transmitted message.
Amplifiers and oscillators
Types of Electronic Communication

 Electronic communications are classified according to whether they are

1. One-way (simplex) or two-way (full duplex or half duplex) transmissions


2. Analog or digital signals.

Simplex
 The simplest method of electronic communication is referred to as
simplex.
 This type of communication is one-way.

Examples are:
• Radio
• TV broadcasting
• Beeper (personal receiver)
Full Duplex
 Most electronic communication is two-way and is referred to as duplex.

 When people can talk and listen simultaneously, it is called full duplex.
The telephone is an example of this type of communication.

Half Duplex
 The form of two-way communication in which only one party transmits
at a time is known as half duplex.

Examples are:
• Police, military, etc. radio transmissions
• Citizen band (CB)
• Family radio
• Amateur radio
Analog Signals
 An analog signal is a smoothly and continuously varying
voltage or current. Examples are:
• Sine wave
• Voice
• Video (TV)
Digital Signals
 Digital signals change in steps or in discrete increments.
 Most digital signals use binary or two-state codes.
Examples are:
• Telegraph (Morse code)
• Continuous wave (CW) code
• Serial binary code (used in computers)
Analog signals (a) Sine wave “tone.”(b) Voice. (c) Video (TV)
signal.
Digital signals (a) Telegraph (Morse code). (b) Continuous-wave
(CW)
code. (c) Serial binary code.
 Many transmissions are of signals that originate in analog
form but must be converted to digital form to match the
transmission medium. Digital data over the telephone
network

Analog signals.

-They are first digitized with an analog-to-digital (A/D)


converter.

-The data can then be transmitted and processed by


computers and other digital circuits.
Modulation and
Multiplexing
 Modulation and multiplexing are electronic techniques for
transmitting information efficiently from one place to another.
 Modulation makes the information signal more compatible
with the medium.
 In this modulation, a continuously varying sine wave is
used as a carrier wave that modulates the message signal or
data signal.
 Multiplexing allows more than one signal to be transmitted
concurrently over a single medium.
Baseband Transmission
 Baseband information can be sent directly and unmodified
over the medium or can be used to modulate a carrier for
transmission over the medium.
 In telephone or intercom systems, the voice is placed on the
wires and transmitted.
 In some computer networks, the digital signals are applied
directly to coaxial or twisted-pair cables for transmission.
Broadband Transmission
 A carrier is a high frequency signal that is modulated by
audio, video, or data.
 A radio-frequency (RF) wave is an electromagnetic signal
that is able to travel long distances through space.
Broadband Transmission
 A broadband transmission takes place when a carrier signal is
modulated, amplified, and sent to the antenna for
transmission.
 The two most common methods of modulation are:

• Amplitude Modulation (AM)

• Frequency Modulation (FM)


 Another method is called phase modulation (PM), in which the
phase angle of the sine wave is varied.
Modulation at the transmitter.
Types of modulation. (a) Amplitude modulation. (b) Frequency
modulation.
Broadband Transmission
 Frequency-shift keying (FSK) takes place when data is converted to
frequency-varying tones.
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a method of transmitting digital signals
using discrete signals. The two binary states -- logic 0 (low) and 1 (high) in a
binary frequency-shift key mechanism -- are each represented by an analog
waveform.
 Devices called modems (modulator-demodulator) translate the data from
digital to analog and back again.

 Demodulation or detection takes place in the receiver when the original


baseband (e.g. audio) signal is extracted.
Multiplexing

 Multiplexing is the process of allowing two or more signals to share the same
medium or channel.
 The process of combining the data streams is known as multiplexing and
hardware used for multiplexing is known as a multiplexer.

Example telephone access network, a switched Ethernet network, and a mesh


network.

 The three basic types of multiplexing are:

• Frequency division

• Time division

• Code division
• Space-division multiplexing (SDM). ...
• Polarization-division multiplexing (PDM).
Cont,…
Phone calls are a good example of multiplexing in
telecommunications.
• That is, more than one phone call is transmitted
over a single medium. Multiplexing techniques
include time-division multiplexing (TDM) and
frequency-division multiplexing (FDM).
Multiplexing at the transmitter
Communication system

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