ISB 16003 Object Oriented

Programming
 Chapter 2

Expression and
Flow Control

Prepared by :
Puan Robiah Hamzah
Objectives -1
In this chapter you will:
• Learn about the three basic programming control
structures
• Use Java to compare numbers using relational operators
• Explore how to apply logical operators to form complex
logical expressions
• Learn how to use if…else and switch statements to
make decisions in programs
Making Decisions with Java
• Three types of control structures
– Sequence structure performs a series of steps
– Selection structure makes decisions based on certain conditions
– Repetition structure repeats a sequence under certain conditions
• Selection structure decides on two or more alternatives using if and
else keywords
• All selections have a comparison between two numbers or strings
Comparing Numbers in Java
• Eight primitive data types
– byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, boolean
• Comparing numbers in Java is to compare values of numeric primitives
• First step in making decisions is forming a logical expression
• Logical expressions are either true or false
Relational Operators
• Logical expressions involve one or more variables (or literals) and one or
more relational operators
• A relational operator is a symbol in a logical expression to compare two
values
• Relational operators compare two numeric primitives
Relational Operators
(continued)
Relational Example
Value of Example
Operator Let x=5, y=20
== x == y false
!= x != y true
< x < y true
> x > y false
<= x <= y true
>= x >= y false
Selection Structures in Java

• Recall the three basic control structures

– Sequence
– Selection
– Repetition
• Selection enables the program flow to deviate from
sequence when certain conditions are true
• Selection allows programs to make decisions
The if Statement

int testScore;

testScore = //get test score input

if (testScore < 70)

This
Thisstatement
statementisis
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, executed
executedififthe
thetestScore
testScore
isisless than 70.
less than 70.
"You did not pass" );

else
This
Thisstatement
statementisis
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, executed
executedififthe
thetestScore
testScore
isis70 or higher.
70 or higher.
"You did pass" );
Syntax for the if Statement
if ( <boolean expression> )

<then block>
else

Boolean
BooleanExpression
Expression
<else block>

if ( testScore < 70 )

Then
ThenBlock
Block JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,
"You did not pass" );

else

Else
ElseBlock
Block JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,
"You did pass " );
 The Nested-if Statement
• The then and else block of an if statement can contain any valid statements,
including other if statements. An if statement containing another if
statement is called a nested-if statement.

if (testScore >= 70) {

if (studentAge < 10) {
System.out.println("You did a great job");
} else {
System.out.println("You did pass"); //test score >=
70
} //and age >= 10
} else { //test score < 70
System.out.println("You did not pass");
}
 Control Flow of Nested-if
Statement
true inner if
false testScore
testScore>=
>=70
70
??

messageBox.show
messageBox.show
false studentAge
studentAge<<10
10
true
("You
("Youdid
didnot
not ??
pass");
pass");

messageBox.show
messageBox.show
messageBox.show
messageBox.show ("You
("Youdid
didaagreat
great
("You
("Youdid
didpass");
pass"); job");
job");
 if – else if Control

Test Score Grade

90  score A
80  score  90 B
70  score  80 C
60  score  70 D
score  60 F
The switch Statement
int gradeLevel;
gradeLevel = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Grade (Frosh-1,Soph-2,...):" );

switch (gradeLevel) {
This
Thisstatement
statement
isisexecuted
executedifif
case 1: System.out.print("Go to the Gymnasium"); the
thegradeLevel
gradeLevel
break; isisequal
equaltoto1.1.

case 2: System.out.print("Go to the Science Auditorium");

break;

case 3: System.out.print("Go to Harris Hall Rm A3");

break;
This
Thisstatement
statement
isisexecuted
executedifif
case 4: System.out.print("Go to Bolt Hall Rm 101"); the
thegradeLevel
gradeLevel
break; isisequal
equaltoto4.4.
}
 Syntax for the switch
Statement
switch ( <arithmetic expression> ) {
<case label 1> : <case body 1>
…
<case label n> : <case body n>
}
Arithmetic
ArithmeticExpression
Expression
switch ( gradeLevel ) {
case 1: System.out.print("Go to the Gymnasium");
break;
Case
Case
Label
Label case 2: System.out.print("Go to the Science Auditorium");
break;
case 3: System.out.print("Go to Harris Hall Rm A3");
Case
Case
break;
Body
Body
case 4: System.out.print("Go to Bolt Hall Rm 101");
break;
}
switch With No break
Statements
true
NN ==
==
11?? xx==10;
10;
switch ( N ) {
case 1: x = 10; false
true
case 2: x = 20; NN ==
==
22?? xx==20;
20;
case 3: x = 30;
} false
true
NN ==
== xx==30;
30;
33??

false
switch With break Statements
true
NN ==
==
11?? xx==10;
10;

false break;
break;
true
NN ==
==
22?? xx==20;
20;

false break;
break;
true
NN ==
==
33?? xx==30;
30;

false break;
break;
switch With the default Block
switch (ranking) {

case 10:
case 9:
case 8: System.out.print("Master");
break;

case 7:
case 6: System.out.print("Journeyman");
break;

case 5:
case 4: System.out.print("Apprentice");
break;

default: System.out.print("Input error: Invalid Data");

break;
}
Objectives -2

In this chapter you also will:

• Learn about the three types of repetition control
structures
• Learn how to use the while, for, and do…while
statements to repeat program code
• Explore how to create nested loops and perform multiple
levels of repetition
• Learn how to use the break and continue
statements to exit loops
Repeating Program
Statements
• Three basic program structures: sequence, selection and repetition
• Two types of conditions
– Conditions using logical expressions
– Conditions using integral expressions
• This chapter focuses on repetition structures using logical conditions
– while loops
– for loops
– do…while loops
The while Statement

• while statement syntax:

while (condition){
action
}
• The condition is called a pretest condition
• The code between the braces is the loop body
• Iteration: A single execution of the loop body
• If condition is never false, loop never terminates
Flowchart for a while Loop
Counter-Controlled while
Loops
• A loop control variable controls the number of times a loop is executed
• A loop control variable is also called a counter variable
• A termination constant contains the number of times the loop should
execute
• A termination condition is the condition that the loop control variable is
less than the termination constant
Counter-Controlled while
Loops (continued)
int i = 0; is the
counter variable
int N = 5; is the
termination constant
(i < N) is the
termination condition
The loop terminates
when the i equals 5
(N)
Sentinel-Controlled while
Loops
• A sentinel is a special value that signals the end of a loop
• Does not need a loop counter
• Loop counters may be useful for other purposes
Sentinel-Controlled while
Loops (continued)

Sentinel variable
entered by the user
The for Statement
• Two kinds of while loops
– Counter-controlled – know exactly how many times
statement need to be executed
– Sentinel-controlled- don’t know how many times to be
executed but need to executed until special value met
• The while loop is the most general repetition structure
• The for loop is logically equivalent to the counter-controlled while loop
The for Statement
int i, sum = 0, number;

for (i = 0; i < 20; i++) {

number = scanner.nextInt( );
sum += number;

}
These
Thesestatements
statementsare are
executed for 20
executed for 20 times times
((i i==0,0,1,1,2,2,…
…, ,19).
19).
Syntax for the for Statement
for ( <initialization>; <boolean expression>; <increment> )

<statement>

Boolean
Boolean
Initialization
Initialization Increment
Increment
Expression
Expression

for ( i = 0 ; i < 20 ; i++ ) {

number = scanner.nextInt(); Statement

Statement
sum += number; (loop
(loopbody)
body)
}
Control Flow of for

i i==0;
0;

i i<<20
20??
false
true
number
number ==. .. .. .; ;
sum
sum +=+=number;
number;

i i++;
++;
More for Loop Examples

i i==0,
0,5,
5,10,
10,…
…,,95
95

j j==2,
2,4,
4,8,
8,16,
16,32
32

kk==100,
100,99,
99,98,
98,97,
97,...,
...,11
Generating the Table using
Nested Loop
INNE
OUTE

R
R
Generating the Table using
Nested Loop

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)

{
for (int j = 1; j <= 4; j++)
INNE
OUTE

System.out.print("("+i+","+j+")");
R
R

System.out.println();
}
Generating the Table using
Nested Loop

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)

{
for (int j = 1; j <= 4; j++)
INNE
OUTE

System.out.print("(” * ");
R
R

System.out.println();
}
Output:

****
****
****
****
****
Nested Control Structures
(Example)
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
{
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++)
System.out.print(" *");
System.out.println();
}
• Output:
*
**
***
****
*****
The for Statement’s Syntax
(continued)
Declare and initialize the
counter variable

Termination condition

Increment the counter

The do…while Statement
• We have seen the while loop
• We have seen the for loop
• The for loop is logically equivalent to the counter-controlled while loop
• Next: The do…while loop
The do…while Statement’s
Syntax
• Recall the while loop syntax:
while (condition) {
action
}
• It is possible the loop body never executes
• If the condition is false, the loop ends
The do…while
Statement’s Syntax
(continued)
• The do…while syntax:
do{
action
}while (condition)
• The loop body must execute at least once
• After the first execution of the loop body, the condition is tested
• The condition is also called a posttest condition
The do…while Flowchart
A do…while Example
The menu will be
presented at least once

A switch statement
allows a choice of options

Loop terminates when

user enters 4
Loop-and-a-Half Repetition
Control
• Loop-and-a-half repetition control can be used to test a loop’s terminating
condition in the middle of the loop body.

• It is implemented by using reserved words while, if, and break.

Nested Loops,
break, and continue
• Recall previous topic presented nested if statements
• Recall that switch statements are equivalent to nested if statements
• Recall that break was used to exit early from a switch structure
• Next: Nested loops, break and continue statements in loops
Example: Loop-and-a-Half
Control
String name;

while (true){

name = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "Your name");

if (name.length() > 0) break;

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Invalid Entry." +

"You must enter at least one character.");
}
The break Statement in Loops
• The break statement in a switch statement ensured that the switch
exited after a particular case was executed
• A break statement in a loop causes that particular loop to terminate
• A break statement can be used in any kind of loop
The break Statement in Loops
(continued)

The loop terminates

(unfinished) when i == 5
The continue Statement
• The continue statement
causes the current loop iteration
to be skipped

If break were
replaced by
continue, i == 5
would be skipped.
 The continue statement can be used with
any type of loop
A Caveat About
break and continue
• Some programmers prefer to avoid break and continue because they
make the program harder to understand
• Some programmers feel break and continue are useful in some
situations
• Best to use sparingly, especially if the loop can be written to avoid them
Summary

• Sequence structures perform program statements in the

order they are presented
• Selection allows program flow to branch to one or more
alternatives based on a condition
• A logical (Boolean) expression uses variables or literals,
and relational or logical operators
• A relational operator compares two numbers
• Strings are compared using methods from the String
class
Summary (continued)

• Three methods of comparing strings are equals,

equalsIgnoreCase, and compareTo
• Three logical (Boolean) operators: ! (not), && (and) and
|| (or)
• One-way selection uses an if statement
• Two-way selection uses an if…else statement
• Nested if…else and switch statements allow more
than two alternatives
Summary (continued)
• Three basic repetition structures in Java
– while loops
– for loops
– do…while loops
• The syntax of a while loop is
while (condition) {
action
}
Summary (continued)
• The condition is a Boolean expression, and the loop body executes until
the condition is false
• A counter-controlled while loop uses a counter variable
• A sentinel-controlled while loop uses a variable and a fixed sentinel
value
• A for loop is logically equivalent to a counter-controlled while loop
Summary (continued)
• The syntax of a for loop is
for (counter initialization;termination
condition;increment/decrement){
action
}
• The syntax of a do…while loop is
do {
action
} while (condition)
Summary (continued)
• In a do…while loop, the action is executed at least once
• A nested loop is a loop inside a loop
• Any type of loop and any number of loops can be nested
• A break statement causes the current loop to exit early
• A continue statement causes the current iteration of a loop to be
skipped
EXERCISE
Consider the following questions,
where i is an int variable
1. for (i = 10; i <= 9; i++) NOT EXECUTE
System.out.println(i + “ ");

2. for (i = 10; i <= 10; i++)

System.out.print(I + “ "); once
System.out.println(“ ");

3. for (i = 1; ; i++)
System.out.print(I + “ "); Infinite
System.out.println(“ "); loop
 The for Looping (Repetition)
Structure (continued)
Example
1. The following for loop outputs the word Hello and a star (on separate
lines) five times:
for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
{
System.out.println("Hello");
System.out.println("*");
}
2.
for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
System.out.println("Hello");
System.out.println("*");
This loop outputs the word Hello five times and the star only once
The for Looping (Repetition)
Structure (continued)
3. Write a for statement , to executes five empty statement
for (i = 1; i < 5; i++);

System.out.println("*");