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IPC - Lecture_2

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Instrumentation and Process

Control
Lecture 2

Instructor:

Dr.-Ing. Ameen Shahid


Assistant Professor
Email: [email protected]
Cell#: 0336-6767894
Room#: 324, SCME

1
Lecture 2 Illustrative Example: Blending system

Notation:
• w1, w2 and w are mass flow rates

• x1, x2 and x are mass fractions of component A


2
Assumptions:
1. w1 is constant

2. x2 = constant = 1 (stream 2 is pure A)

3. Perfect mixing in the tank


Control Objective:
Lecture 2

Keep x at a desired value (or “set point”) xsp, despite variations in


x1(t). Flow rate w2 can be adjusted for this purpose.

Terminology:
• Controlled variable (or “output variable”): x

• Manipulated variable (or “input variable”): w2


3
• Disturbance variable (or “load variable”): x1
Design Question. What value of w2 is required to have
x  xSP ?

Overall balance:
0 w1  w2  w (1-1)
Lecture 2

Component A balance:

w1 x1  w2 x2  wx 0 (1-2)

(The overbars denote nominal steady-state design values.)

• At the design conditions, x  xSP. Substitute Eq. 1-2, x  xSP and


x2 1 , then solve Eq. 1-2 for w2 :
xSP  x1
w2 w1 (1-3)
1  xSP
4
• Equation 1-3 is the design equation for the blending
system.
• If our assumptions are correct, then this value of w2 will keep x
atxSP . But what if conditions change?

Control Question. Suppose that the inlet concentration x1


Lecture 2

changes with time. How can we ensure that x remains at or near


the set point xSP ?
As a specific example, if x1  x1 and w2 w2, then x > xSP.

Some Possible Control Strategies:


Method 1. Measure x and adjust w2.

• Intuitively, if x is too high, we should reduce w2; 5


• Manual control vs. automatic control
• Proportional feedback control law,
w2 t  w2  K c  xSP  x t  (1-4)

1. where Kc is called the controller gain.


Lecture 2

2. w2(t) and x(t) denote variables that change with time t.

3. The change in the flow rate, 2   2 is proportional to


w t  w ,
the deviation from the set point, xSP – x(t).

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Lecture 2

7
Method 2. Measure x1 and adjust w2.

• Thus, if x1 is greater than x1, we would decrease w2 so that


w2  w2 ;

• One approach: Consider Eq. (1-3) and replace x1 and w2 with


x1(t) and w2(t) to get a control law:
Lecture 2

xSP  x1 t 
w2 t  w1 (1-5)
1  xSP

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Lecture 2

9
• Because Eq. (1-3) applies only at steady state, it is not clear
how effective the control law in (1-5) will be for transient
conditions.

Method 3. Measure x1 and x, adjust w2.

• This approach is a combination of Methods 1 and 2.


Lecture 2

Method 4. Use a larger tank.


• If a larger tank is used, fluctuations in x1 will tend to be damped
out due to the larger capacitance of the tank contents.
• However, a larger tank means an increased capital cost.

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Classification of Control Strategies

Table. 1.1 Control Strategies for the Blending System


Method Measured Manipulated Category
Variable Variable
Lecture 2

1 x w2 FB
2 x1 w2 FF
3 x1 and x w2 FF/FB
4 - - Design change

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