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Module-4

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6 views

Module-4

Uploaded by

Rithanya 6085
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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W = mg

v
• The water is flowing through a pipe having diameters 20 cm & 10 cm at
sections 1 & 2 respectively. The rate of flow through pipe is 35 . The
section 1 is 6m above datum & section 2 is 4m above datum. If the
pressure at section 1 is 39.24 , find the intensity of pressure at section 2.
• Water is flowing through a pipe having diameter 300 mm & 200 mm at
the bottom & upper end respectively. The intensity of pressure at the
bottom end is 24.525 & the pressure at the upper end is 9.81 . Determine
the difference in datum head if the rate of flow through pipe is .
• The water is flowing through a taper pipe of length 100 m having
diameters 600 mm at the upper end & 300 mm at the lover end, at the rate
of 50 liters/s. The pipe has a slope of 1 in 30. Find the pressure at the lower
end , if the pressure at higher level is 19.62 .
E1 EL E2

E1 = energy at section 1
E2 Energy at section 2
EL = Energy lost due to overcome of the friction.
But, E1 = E2 + EL
Energy lost per unit weight = Head loss.
E inlet > E outlet
E inlet – E outlet = hL
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION FOR REAL FLUID.

• The Bernoulli's equation was derived on the assumption that fluid is in-viscid (non-
viscous) & therefore frictionless. But all the real fluids are viscous & hence offer
resistance to flow. Thus there are always some losses in fluid flows & hence in the
application of Bernoulli's equation, these losses have to be taken into consideration.
Thus the Bernoulli's equation for real fluid between points 1 & 2 is given by,
• A pipe of diameter 400 mm carries water at a velocity of 25 m/s. The
pressures at the points A & B are given as 29.43 and 22.563 respectively,
while the datum head at A & B are 28m & 30m. Find the loss of head
between A & B.
• A Pipe line carrying oil of specific gravity 0.87, changes in diameter from
200 mm diameter at a position A to 500 mm diameter at a position B which
is 4 metres at a higher level. If the pressures at A & B are 9.81 & 5.886
respectively and the discharge is 200 liters/s. Determine the loss of head &
direction of flow.
Fluid Flow Measurement
• It is nothing but the measuring the rate of flow of a fluid flowing through a
pipe or through a open channel.

• The rate of flow of a fluid through pipe or closed channel is measured by


venturimeter, orifice meter, Pitot tube etc. whereas through an open channel,
the rate of flow is measured by notches & weirs.
VENTURIMETER
• A venturimeter is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a
flowing fluid through a pipe.
• It consists of three parts:
i. A Short converging part
ii. Throat
iii. Diverging part.
It is based on the principle of Bernoulli’s equation.
Expression for Rate of flow through venturimeter.

Consider a venturimeter filled in a horizontal pipe through which a fluid is flowing, Let,
• Actual discharge will be less than theoretical discharge,
• A horizontal venturimeter with inlet & throat diameters 30cm & 15cm
respectively is used to measure the flow of water. The readings of
differential manometer connected to the inlet & throat is 20 cm of mercury.
Determine the rate of flow. Take Cd = 0.98.
• A horizontal venturimeter with inlet diameter 20cm & throat diameter 10 cm
is used to measure the flow of oil of sp.gr 0.8. The discharge of oil through
venturimeter is 60lts/s. Find the reading of oil-mercury differential
manometer. Take Cd = 0.98.
• A horizontal venturimeter with inlet diameter 30cm & throat diameter 10 cm
is used to measure the flow of water. The pressure at inlet is 17.658 & the
vaccum pressure head at the throat is 30 cm of mercury. Find the discharge
of water through venturimeter. Take Cd = 0.98.
• The inlet & throat diameters of a horizontal venturimeter are 30cm & 10cm
respectively. The liquid flowing through the meter is water. The pressure
intensity at inlet is while the vaccum pressure head at the throat is 37 cm of
mercury. Find the rate of flow. Assume that 4% of the differential head is
lost between the inlet & throat. Find also the value of Cd for the
venturimeter.
• Find the discharge of water flowing through a pipe 30cm diameter placed in
an inclined position where a venturimeter is inserted, having a throat
diameter of 15cm. The difference of pressure between the main & throat is
measured by a liquid of sp.gr. 0.6 in an inverted U-tube which gives a reading
of 30cm. The loss of head between the main & throat is 0.2 times the kinetic
head of the pipe.
• A 30cm x 15cm venturimeter is provided in a vertical pipe line carrying oil
of specific gravity 0.9 the flow being upwards. The difference in elevation of
throat section & entrance section of the venturimeter is 30 cm. The
differential u-tube mercury manometer shows a gauge deflection of 25cm.
Calculate;

i. The discharge of oil

ii. The pressure difference between the entrance section & the throat section.
Take the Cd as 0.98 & specific gravity of mercury as 13.6.
Orifice Meter

• It is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid through a pipe.

• It is a cheaper device as compared to venturimeter.

• It also works on the same principle as that of venturimeter.

• It consists of a flat circular plate which has a circular sharp-edged hole


called orifice, which is concentric with the pipe.

• The orifice diameter is kept generally 0.5 times the diameter of the pipe,
though it may vary from 0.4 to 0.8 times the pipe diameter.
or

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