UNIT- 4
Form Tolerance (Form Deviation)
Form tolerance is a basic geometric tolerance that determines the form of the target
(part). None of the characteristics of form tolerance require a datum—forms can be
independently determined.
Straightness
The straightness requirement specifies how perfectly
straight a “part” should be. It is applied to lines and not
planes.
Sample indication
If a tolerance frame is connected to the size
indicating the diameter of a cylinder, the axis
of that cylinder must be within a cylinder with
a diameter of 0.1 mm.
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Flatness
The flatness requirement specifies the evenness of a surface, or
how accurately flat a “part” plane should be.
Sample indication
This surface must be between
two parallel planes separated by
only 0.3 mm.
Roundness
The roundness requirement specifies how perfectly circular a
part should be—the circular cross-section of a shaft, bore, or
cone—should be.
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Sample indication
The outer circumference of any cross-
section of a shaft cut perpendicularly
should be between two concentric
circles just 0.1 mm apart on the same
plane.
Cylindricity
The cylindricity requirement specifies how
accurately circular and straight a “part” cylinder is.
The value represents any distortion in a cylinder.
Sample indication
The “part” plane must be between
two coaxial cylinders just 0.1 mm
apart.
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Profile Tolerance
The profile tolerances of lines and planes are also used in specifying location
tolerance. Specifications are indicated in the feature control frame the same way
for form tolerance and location tolerance.
Profile tolerance of line
The profile of the line requirement indicates whether the
curvature of a designed part is made to its design.
Sample indication
The target profile on any cross-
section parallel to the projection
plane must be between the two
envelopes created by a circle with a
diameter of 0.03 mm and a center
on the line having a theoretically
exact profile.
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Profile tolerance of plane
The profile of the plane requirement indicates whether the
curvature (surface) of a designed part is made to its design.
Sample indication
The target plane must be
between two envelope
planes created by a
sphere with a diameter of
0.1 mm and a center on
the plane having a
theoretically exact profile.
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Orientation Tolerance
Orientation tolerance determines the orientation for the form in relation to a
reference.
A datum is always necessary to indicate orientation tolerance; as such, it is a
geometric tolerance for features related to datums.
Parallelism
While it appears to be similar to flatness, parallelism
involves a datum (reference plane or line).
The parallelism requirement specifies that two lines or
planes are parallel.
Sample indication
The plane indicated by the indication
arrow must be parallel to datum plane
A and be between two planes only
0.05 mm apart in the direction of the
indication arrows.
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Perpendicularity
The perpendicularity requirement specifies the accuracy
of how perpendicular a target is to the datum (reference
plane or line).
Instead of degrees, millimeters are used as the unit for the
value of perpendicularity indication.
Sample indication
The plane indicated by the
indication arrow must be
within two parallel planes
perpendicular to datum plane
A and with a diameter of 0.03
mm.
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Angularity
The angularity requirement specifies how accurate an angle is
to the datum (reference plane or line) when the specified line or
plane is not 90 degrees.
Instead of degrees, the millimeter is used as the unit for the
value of angularity indication.
Sample indication
The plane indicated by the
indication arrow must be
theoretically exactly angled by
45 degrees to the datum plane A
and between two parallel planes
only 0.3 mm apart in the
direction of the indication
arrows.
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Location Tolerance (Location Deviation)
Location tolerance determines the location (true position) of the feature in
relation to a reference. A datum is always necessary to indicate location
tolerance; as such, it is a geometric tolerance for features related to datums.
True position
The true position requirement specifies the accuracy of the
position in relation to the datum (reference plane or line).
Sample indication
The center of the circle indicated by the
indication arrow must be within a circle
with a diameter of 0.1 mm.
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Concentricity
The concentricity requirement specifies the accuracy of
concentricity of the axes of two cylinders (no deviation of
the center).
Sample indication
The axis of the cylinder indicated by the
indication arrow must be within a
cylinder with datum axis line A as the
axis and a diameter of 0.05 mm.
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Symmetry
The symmetry requirement specifies the accuracy of how
symmetrical a target is to the datum (reference plane).
Sample indication
The center plane indicated
by the indication arrow
must be between two
parallel planes
symmetrical to the datum
center plane A and
separated from each other
by 0.05 mm.
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Run-out Tolerance (Run-out Deviation)
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