Aim: What concepts have we available to

aide us in sketching functions?

Do Now:
2  x 2  9
Find the domain of f  x  
x2  4

Aim: Curve Sketching Course: Calculus

 Concepts used in Sketching
• x- and y-intercepts
• symmetry
• domain & range
• continuity
• vertical asymptotes
• differentiability
• relative(local) extrema
• concavity
• points of inflection
• horizontal asymptotes

Use them all? If not all, which are best?

Aim: Curve Sketching Course: Calculus

 Guidelines for Analyzing Graph
1. Determine the domain and range of the
function.
2. Determine the intercepts and asymptotes
of the graph.
3. Locate the x-values for which f’(x) and
f’’(x) are either zero or undefined. Use the
results to determine relative extrema and
points of inflection.

Also helpful: symmetry; end behavior

Aim: Curve Sketching Course: Calculus

 Abridged Guidelines – the 4 Tees

T1 Test the function

T2 Test the 1st Derivative
T3 Test the 2nd Derivative
T4 Test End Behavior

Aim: Curve Sketching Course: Calculus

 Model Problem 1
2  x 2  9
Analyze the graph of f  x   2
x  4
1. find domain & range
exclusions at zeros of denominator
4

domain: all reals except ±2

2

-5 5

-2

-4

Aim: Curve Sketching Course: Calculus

 Model Problem 1
2  x 2  9
Analyze the graph of f  x   2
x  4
2. find intercepts & asymptotes
2  x 2  9
y-intercept f 0   2
4
x  4
2 02  9  18 9
2
  
02  4 4 2
2  x 2  9
-5 5

x-intercept f  x  0 
x2  4
-2

-4
2  x 2  9
0 2
, x 3
x  4

Aim: Curve Sketching Course: Calculus

 Model Problem 1
2  x 2  9
Analyze the graph of f  x   2
x  4
2. find intercepts & asymptotes
verticals asymptotes found
x = ±2
at zeros of denominator 4

horizontal asymptote
If degree of p = degree of q, then the line
-5 5

y = an/bm is a horizontal asymptote.

-2

2  x 2  9 2
2 x  18
 2
-4

2 y=2
x  4 x  4

Aim: Curve Sketching Course: Calculus

 Model Problem 1
2  x 2  9
Analyze the graph of f  x   2
x  4
3. find f’(x) = 0 and f’’(x) = 0 or undefined

f ' x  
 x 2
 4    18 2 x 
4 x  2 x 2

x  4
4 2
2

20 x
f ' x   0 x=0
x  4
2
-5
2 5

-2

(x2 2– 4)2 = 0 2

2 x  9 
2 x  18
 at 2zeros
-4

undefined
2 x = ±2
x  4 x  4
of denominator

Aim: Curve Sketching Course: Calculus

 Model Problem 1
f '  x 2

Analyze the graph of f  x   2 2

 x  9
2 20 x

x x 4 4 
2

3. find f’(x) = 0 and f’’(x) = 0 or undefined

   2 x 
2
x2
 4  20   20 x 2( x 2
 4)1

f ''  x  
   4
x 2
2 2

 20  3 x 2  4  no real
f ''  x   0
x  4
3
2 solution

no possible points of inflection

Aim: Curve Sketching Course: Calculus

 Model Problem 1
3. test intervals
characteristic of
f(x) f’(x) f’’(x)
Graph
- < x < - decreasing,
2 concave down
x = -2 Undef Undef Undef vertical asymptote
decreasing,
-2 < x < 0 + concave up
x=0 9/2 0 + relative minimum
increasing,
0<x<2 + + concave up
x=2 Undef Undef Undef vertical asymptote
increasing,
2<x< +
Aim: Curve Sketching Course: Calculus
concave down
 Model Problem 1

2x 2-9
q x  = 6
x 2-4
decreasing, increasing,
concave up (0, 9/2) concave up
4

-2 < x < 0 relative minimum 0<

x<2 2

-5 5

increasing, -2 increasing,
concave down concave down
- < x < -2 -4
2<x<

-6

Aim: Curve Sketching Course: Calculus

 Model Problem 2 – What the cusp!!
2
Analyze the graph of y  2  x
3

Find Domain T1
all reals
Find intercepts & asymptotes
3

 
2 2 2 3
2 
2
0 2  x 3
 x 3
2  x 3 2

x -intercepts at 2 2
y -intercepts at (0, 2)
no vertical or
horizontal asymptotes
Aim: Curve Sketching Course: Calculus
 Model Problem 2 – What the cusp!!
2
Analyze the graph of y  2  x
3

1st Derivative Test T2

1 1
dy 2 3 2 3
 x at 0 is
 x  x 0
dx 3 3 undefined
BUT . . . f’ > 0 f’ < 0
x = 0 is defined for inc dec
original function
2 3
3
hx  = 2-x 3
2
2

a cusp!!!
1
1


-2 2
-2 2
-1
2
gx  = - x 3 -1
3 -1

Aim: Curve Sketching Course: Calculus

-2 -2
 Model Problem 2 – What the cusp!!
2
Analyze the graph of y  2  x
3

2nd Derivative Test T3

d 2 y 2  43 2  43 x at 0 is
 x x 0
dx 2
9 9 undefined
f’’ > 0 f’’ > 0
con up con up
2 3

hx  = 2-x 3 cusp

2

-2 2

-1

-2
Aim: Curve Sketching Course: Calculus
 Model Problem 3
5 3
3 x  20 x
Sketch the graph f ( x ) 
32
f’ >0 <0 <0 >0
inc dec dec inc
<0 >0 <0 >0
f’’
c.d. c.u. c.d. c.u.
3x 5-20x 3
3
f x  =
32

(-2,2) 2

relative
max. 1

-4 -2 2 4

-1

inflection points:
(-1.4,1.2), (0,0), (1.4,-1.2)
-2

(2,-2) relative
Aim: Curve Sketching Course: Calculus
-3 min.
 Model Problem 4
cos x
Analyze the graph of f x 
1  sin x
1. find Domain
2. find intercepts & asymptotes
verticals asymptotes found
x = ±2
a zeros of denominator

1 + sin x = 0; sin x = -1 x 
2

Aim: Curve Sketching Course: Calculus