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Lab 07 - SQL (DML) - 02

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23 views16 pages

Lab 07 - SQL (DML) - 02

Uploaded by

hayamousa78
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SQL (DML)

Schema Example / HR Schema Oracle


The SQL UPDATE Statement
• The UPDATE statement is used to modify the
existing records in a table.

• UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ..
.
WHERE condition;

• Example:
• update employees set first_name='Ali',
last_name='Jaber', email='[email protected]'
where employee_id=199;
The SQL DELETE Statement
• The DELETE statement is used to delete
existing records in a table.

• DELETE FROM table_name


WHERE condition;

• Example:
– delete from employees where employee_id=199;
ROWNUM Clause
• The ROWNUM Clause is used to specify the
number of records to return.

• The ROWNUM Clause is useful on large tables


with thousands of records. Returning a large
number of records can impact on performance.

• SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE ROWNUM <= number;
ROWNUM Clause Examples
• select * from employees where
rownum<=10;

• select * from (select e.*, rownum r


from employees e) where r>10 and
r<=20;

• select salary from (select


salary,rownum r from (select
distinct(salary) from employees
order by salary asc)) where r=10;
The SQL MIN() and MAX() Functions
• The MIN() function returns the smallest value
of the selected column.

• The MAX() function returns the largest value


of the selected column.

• SELECT MIN(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
MIN() & MAX Examples
• select min(salary) as minimum_salary from employees;
MINIMUM_SALARY
--------------
2100

• select max(salary) as maximum_salary from employees;


MAXIMUM_SALARY
--------------
24000

• select min(salary) as min_salary, max(salary) as


max_salary from employees;
MIN_SALARY MAX_SALARY
---------- ----------
2100 24000
COUNT(), AVG() and SUM() Functions
• The COUNT() function returns the number of
rows that matches a specified criteria.

• The AVG() function returns the average value


of a numeric column.

• The SUM() function returns the total sum of a


numeric column.
COUNT() Example
• SELECT COUNT(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

SQL> select count(*) from employees


where salary=2600;

COUNT(*)
----------
4
The SQL GROUP BY Statement
• The GROUP BY statement is often used with aggregate
functions (COUNT, MAX, MIN, SUM, AVG) to group the
result-set by one or more columns.

• select avg(salary),department_id from employees group


by(department_id);
AVG(SALARY) DEPARTMENT_ID
----------- -------------
8601.33333 100
4150 30
7000
19333.3333 90
9500 20
10000 70
10154 110
3475.55556 50
8955.88235 80
6500 40
5760 60
4400 10
• select count(*), extract( year from hire_date) from employees
group by extract(year from hire_date);

COUNT(*) EXTRACT(YEAR FROM HIRE_DATE)


---------- --------------------------
29 2005
1 2001
24 2006
19 2007
6 2003
10 2004
7 2002
11 2008
The SQL IN Operator
• The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a
WHERE clause.

• The IN operator is a shorthand for multiple OR conditions.

• SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2, ...
);

• SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (SELECT STATEMENT);
The SQL BETWEEN Operator
• The BETWEEN operator selects values within a
given range. The values can be numbers, text,
or dates.

• SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1
AND value2;
SQL Aliases
• SQL aliases are used to give a table, or a column in a table, a
temporary name.

• Aliases are often used to make column names more readable.

• An alias only exists for the duration of the query.

• SELECT column_name AS alias_name


FROM table_name;

• SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name AS alias_name;
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