COURSE

Communication and Coding

Lecturer: Dinh Van Linh

Email: [email protected]
Mobile Phone: 0988791127

CSE 501035 – Data Communication 1 1

 CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Digital modulation techniques
 Noise in digital communication system
 Optimal receiver
 Modulation
 Channel coding

2
CSE 501035 – Data Communication 2 2
 Reference:
[1] Digital communication 4th edition, John Proakis.
[2] A. Bruce Carlson, 2002. Communication systems: an introduction to signals and noise
in electrical communication, McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-011127-8.

12/28/2024
CSE 501035 – Data Communication 3 3
 ASSESSMENT DETAILS

No Assessment Value Due Notes

items date

1 Class participation 10% Continuous – class

attendance and tutorial
No Assessment Value Due dateparticipation
Notes
items
1 Class 10% Continuous –
participation class
2 Mid-term quiz 30% attendance
60 minutes for written
examand tutorial
participation
3 Final
2 exam
Mid-term quiz 60%
30% 6 week 90 minutes
th
for written
60 minutes for
examwritten exam
3 Final exam 60% 90 minutes for
Total 100% written exam
Total 100%

CSE 501035 – Data Communication 4

 CONTENTS
Introduction

Digital modulation techniques

Noise in digital communication system

Optimal receiver

Channel coding

CSE 501035 – Data Communication 5 5

 Chapter 1: Introduction of information
transmission
Content:
1. Some basic concepts
2. Models and components of digital communication systems
3. Mathematical models for communication channels
4. Protocol for data transmission over digital communication
channels
5. Question and exercise

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 1. Basic concepts
Simple transmission system

 The digital source => the data signal mi

• Tx: transmitter = modulation + frequency translation
• Radio channel:
- Adaptive white Gaussian noise
- Fading
- Distortion
- Nonlinearities, bandwidth limitations
- Interference (other sources, multipath propagation, etc.)
• Rx: Receiver = down-conversion + channel effects + compensation+
demodulation; Pb: carrier and clock synchronization
• Digital terminal ⇒ estimated data signal

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 Advantage of digital communication system
- Low costs ⇒ chip-level Tx/Rx implementations(radio software
technique) + soft data processing(before frequency translation)
- Flexible structures, adaptable to several standards (Software
Radio,Software Define Radio, etc.);
- Digital data processing can be used for increasing performance
(coding/encryption/equalization, etc.);
- Coding techniques can be used for error detection/correction;
- High security (data encryption)
- Greater immunity to noise and distortions introduced by channel
(coding / interleaving / signal processing);
- Repeaters can be used for reconstruction signal
- More modulation techniques can be used than in those analog
- Allows data multiplexing ⇒ multiple access ⇒ growth capacity

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 2. Models and components of digital communication systems

Digital source
• Directly from a digital source (computer output, processorsignal, etc.)
• By transforming an analog signal
- Sampling an analog source ⇒ Nyquist f s 2 f max
- Quantization ⇒ q logic levels ⇒ each represented on M=log2q bits ⇒
symbol
- Minimum transmission rate (bit rate):
- Rmin = M.fs = 2.M.fmax (bps)
CSE 501035 – Data Communication 9 9
 2. Models and components of digital communication systems

 Nyquist theorem
- A continuous-time signal (analog signal) x(t) can be sampled at a
frequency fs in order to get a discrete-time copy of it x[n], and
afterwards be reconstructed perfectly to its original form x(t) if fs ≥
2fmax with fmax is the maximum frequency value of the x(t). In fact, The
signal before sampling will be limited by a filter so that the signal
frequency is in the Nyquist interval.
- f ≥ 2f
s max

- fs: sampling frequency

- fmax: maximum frequency of the signal

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  For example: humans have an audio frequency
range of 20 to 20 000 Hz => audio should be
sampled at least at a rate of 40 000 Hz

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 2. Models and components of digital communication systems

 Example:
If a signal is thought to have a maximum
frequency between (1000 Hz, 4000 Hz) which
of the following would be the most appropriate
sample rate (sampling frequency)?
a. 500 Hz
b. 7000 Hz
c. 9000 Hz
d. 24000 Hz

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 2. Models and components of digital communication systems

 Solution:
The correct answer is c. Answer choice c is
correct because the sample rate must be
greater than two times the maximum
frequency contained within the signal.
Answer a is of course incorrect, since it is less
than the estimates given for maximum
frequency. Answer choice b is incorrect
because if the signal has a frequency of 4000
Hz, the sample rate must be greater than 8000
Hz. Answer choice d is incorrect because it is
unnecessarily large, leading to excessive
oversampling.
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 2. Models and components of digital communication systems

 Example 2:
Signals can be modeled by sine waves, such
as X = sin(100πt). Calculate the sampling
frequency (Nyquist rate) and Nyquist interval
of modeled signal X?

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 2. Models and components of digital communication systems

 Solution: X sin 2 . f max .t 

the frequency of this sine wave: fmax = 50 Hz
=> fs ≥ 2 fmax = 100 Hz
=> The sample frequency(or Nyquist Rate) is
greater than 100 Hz.
Nyquist interval = 1/fs = 1/100 = 0.01 s

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 2. Models and components of digital communication
systems
 Example 3: Calculate the sampling frequency
of the signal of X(t) = sin(100πt) +
cos(200πt)

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  Solution:
X(t) = sin(100πt) + cos(200πt)
w1 = 100πt => f1 = 50 Hz
w2 = 200πt => f2 = 100 Hz
fmax = max (f1, f2) = max(50,100) = 100 Hz
fs ≥ 2 fmax = 2x100 = 200 Hz
Therefore, the sampling frequency is greater than 200
Hz

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  Example 4: If a signal having frequency
components 0-10 Hz. What happens if the
signal is sampled at 10 Hz?

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  Solution:
fs = 10 Hz
fmax = max frequency component for signal
Þ fs < 2fmax

Þ Highly aliased signal

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  Example 5: Find the sampling frequency of a
signal with the spectrum shown below:

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  Solution:
fs ≥ 2 fmax
Þ We should find at least fs=2 fmax
Þ fmax= max (12,20) = 20 Hz
Þ fs=2 fmax = 40 Hz
Þ Sampling frequency is greater than 40 Hz

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 2
Example 6: Find Nyquist sampling intervalsinat
 
of
  


t


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  Solution:
2 sin at
2
 1 cos 2at
 sin at 
X t 
t
 
 t 2 2

  2 t 
Þ wmax = 2a
Þ 2πfmax = 2a => fmax = a/π
Þ fs = 2fmax = 2a/π
Þ Sampling frequency is greater than 2a/π

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 Trigonometric formulas

CSE 501035 – Data Communication 24

 sin 20t 

 Example 7: Find sampling frequency
X (t )of

t

sin(40t )
t

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 Solution:
w1 = 2πf1 = 20 => f1 = 10/π
w2 = 2πf2 = 40 => f2 = 20/π
fmax = max (f1, f2) = 20/π
=> We find at least fs = 2 fmax = 40/π

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  Example 8: An anologue signal can be
represented as: X(t) = 2 sin(8000πt)
Sampling an analog signal with 12 logic levels.
Calculate the number of bits in a sample and
the minimum transmission rate?

CSE 501035 – Data Communication 27

  Solution:
w = 2πfmax = 8000π => fmax = 4000 Hz=> fs =
8000 Hz
the number of bits in a sample:
M = Log2(q)= Log2(12)= 3.17 => round
(3.17)=4
Rmin = M.fs = 4x8000 = 32.000 bps =32Kbps

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 2. Models and components of digital communication systems

 Source coding /Decoding (data

compression)
- Source output symbols are not independent +
the occurrence probabilities of different
symbols are not equals.
- This redundancy is eliminated ⇒ after the
source coding stage the emitted symbols can
be considered.
 Encryption/Decryption ⇒ securing the
transmitted information by entering a key
known only to the user to whom the message
is intended
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 2. Models and components of digital communication systems

 Channel coding/decoding
Channel coding/Decoding ⇒ exist several errors ⇒ additional
bits used for error detection/correction ⇒ performance
increases.
 Modulation / Demodulation
- Converts the discrete sequence of bits into a continuous
waveform suitable for transmission over the radio channel.
- A carrier impulse is associated (rectangular, sinusoidal,
raised cosine, etc.) ⇒ selection criteria:
+ reduced Inter-symbol interference (ISI); easy
demodulation at the reception
+ Easy to synchronization
+ Occupied by the available bandwidth

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 2. Models and components of digital communication systems

 Multiple access:
- The division of the radio channel between more many users
(FDMA / TDMA / CDMA, etc)
- FDMA, TDMA:

+ Narrow band techniques

+ Each user has allocated:
+ TDMA: The frequency band is divided into channels of equal
+ FDMA: It allows several users to share the same frequency
channel by dividing the signal into different time slots
- CDMA: spread spectrum technique ⇒ additional modulation with a
set of orthogonal codes ⇒ very wide bandwidth signal (much more
than that of the data and independent of it),

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 3. Mathematical models for communication channels
 We find the convenience to construct
mathematical models that reflect the most
important characteristics of the transmission
medium
 Then mathematical model for the channel is
used in the design of the channel
encoder/decoder and modulator/demodulator
at the transmitter and receiver

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 3. Mathematical models for communication channels
 Additive Noise Channel
- Additive noise process may arise from electronic
components and amplifiers at the receiver (known as
the thermal noise)

Output signal:
r(t) = s(t)+n(t)

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 3. Mathematical models for communication channels
 Linear filter channel
- In some physical channels, such as wireline telephone
channels, filters are used to ensure that the transmitted
signal do not exceed specified bandwidth limitations and
thus do not interfere with one another

- Channel output is the signal

- c(t) is the impulse response of the linear filter

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 3. Mathematical models for communication channels
 The linear time-variant filter channel
- Physical channel such as underwater acoustic channels and
ionospheric radio channels that result in time variant multipath
propagation.
- Linear filters are characterized by a time variant channel impulse
response c  , t 

- Output signal:

- {ak(t)}: time-variant attenuation factor for the L multipath

propagation paths
-
 k
time delays
CSE 501035 – Data Communication 35
 4. Protocol for data transmission over digital communication
channels
 Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI reference
model) is a conceptual model that provides a common basis for
the coordination of standards development for the purpose of
systems interconnection. The properties:
- Open systems ⇒ because, following the same rules for the
exchange of information can be interconnected.
- OSI only considers the interconnection of open systems, no its
internal functioning ⇒ the ability of the systems to cooperate to
accomplish a common task

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 4. Protocol for data transmission over digital
communication channels
 Functions are of 2 types:
- Transfer of information
- Information processing;

⇒ Hierarchical and decentralized organization ⇒ Advantages

- It facilitates the study and the creation of networks
- Simplify their operation by using formal rules
- Increases reliability by separating functions
- Thanks to the created modularity, it ensures extension
facilities

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 4. Protocol for data transmission over digital
communication channels
 Hierarchy of protocols
- Most networks are organized
in layers/levels ⇒
eachhaving well-defined
functions
- Vertically: Each level offers
services to higher levels, on
the basis of the lower ones
=> effective implementation

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 4. Protocol for data transmission over digital
communication channels
 Advantages of OSI
- Data packing

+ can be represented in a form

+ It allows segmentation and reassembly
+ It allows the control and correction of errors
- Ensuring the order of data packets ⇒
Connection control;
- Easy to implement techniques such as:

+ Addressing
+ Multiplexing
- Transmission services: Broadcast
CSE 501035 – Data Communication 39
 4. Protocol for data transmission over digital
communication channels
 Data packing
- add indicator bits (header) => packet sizes
increase => transmission rate increases

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 4. Protocol for data transmission over digital
communication channels
 Segmentation
- Using for a long message
- Network packages are of limited size
- The data packages are divided into smaller sub-packages
ensuring the connection between them
- Advantages:

+ error control – more efficient

+ Access to the network - easier
+ Delays – smaller
+ Buffers – smaller
- Disadvantages
+ Increases the number of interruptions at the reception
+ The processing requirement increases
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 4. Protocol for data transmission over digital communication
channels
 Connection control
- Establishing the connection
- Ensuring data transfer
- Restoration in case of interruption;
- Using the sequence order for:

+ Ensuring the delivery order;

+ Flow control: is used at receiver to limit the
amount of data (overlap possibilities) => stop
& wait strategies
+ Error control: Detection/correction of errors
(codes) - data level;
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 4. Protocol for data transmission over digital communication
channels
 Addressing => allocate – address level
number => router
Þ use of global addresses
Þ Ensuring unicast/multicast/broadcast modes
 Multiplexing => grouping several
connections on the same one physical level
 Transmission services
- QoS parameters;
- Security

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 4. Protocol for data transmission over digital
communication channels

 Data is not transferred directly between higher levels => it is

transferred to the physical environment,
 An interface defines the operations and services between any 2
levels

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 4. Protocol for data transmission over digital
communication channels
 Defining interfaces is a design problem
Þ It must minimize the transfer of information between levels;
Þ The interfaces are similar and each network can correctly
use all protocols
 Services
- The set of operations that a layer provides to its higher layer
- It will be related to the interfaces between adjacent layers
 Protocol
- The set of rules that allow the frames, packets or messages
exchanged between different entities located at the same
layer
- It refers to the way the services are implemented

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 4. Protocol for data transmission over digital
communication channels
 OSI = Open System Interconnection
Principles of determining the 7 layers:
The functions are created by different layers due to:
- The processing
- The technology used
- Different way of data administration is distinguished at each
layer
- When modify the protocol or function of the layer => it will
affect to other layers
The number of layers:
- Large enough so that there is no need to introduce different
functions in the same level;
- The architecture is small enough to remain functional

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 4. Protocol for data transmission over digital
communication channels

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 4. Protocol for data transmission over digital
communication channels
1. Physical layer (bit oriented)
- Transmit the information through the communication channel;
- Including the way to transfer the information on physical layer and
Tx/Rx associated with the communication channel.
- How to work??

+ Allocation of physical levels 0/1;

+ Allocating the duration of each bit
+ The possibility to transmit in 2 directions simultaneously
(duplexing);
+ The mechanical / electrical interfaces are used to connect with the
transmission medium
+ The mechanical/electrical interfaces are necessary to establish/
maintain / deactivate the connection (transmitters/receivers);

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 4. Protocol for data transmission over digital
communication channels
2. Data link layer (frame oriented)
- It groups the data to be sequentially transmitted into frames
(hundreds - thousands of bytes)
+ Error control and correction;
+ Transmission of data in the correct sequence;
+ Link management (activation, maintenance, release);
+ Frame sync issues;
+ Confirmation of correct reception; retransmit if necessary
+ Traffic regulation aspects (avoidance of congestion in the
case of a slower Rx)
+ Traffic regulation aspects (avoidance of congestion in the
case of a slower Rx) => provides buffer spaces;
+ On broadcast networks => sharing the common channel
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 4. Protocol for data transmission over digital
communication channels
3. Network layer (packet oriented)
- It ensures the transfer of data packets between two terminal
points in the network
- Transport entities are identified by network addresses,
uniquely at each end. Functions:
+ Verification and retransmission strategies (ARQ);
+ Routing (packet routing);
+ Service quality control (delay, transit time, …)
+ Fragmentation/reassembly + error correction => layer 4 can
be considered as operating without errors;
+ Congestion control;

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 4. Protocol for data transmission over digital
communication channels
4. Transport layer (Virtual circuit)
- It ensures the transparent transfer of data between session
communications (full data)
- It optimizes the use of the network service to ensure
minimum cost, the performance required by each session
communication;
- It determine what type of service is provided to the session
layer.
- The transport of individual messages - without guaranteeing
their order;
- Broadcasting messages to multiple destinations;
- End-to-end connection control is ensured: without errors,
without loss, without duplication, with a guaranteed QoS

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 4. Protocol for data transmission over digital
communication channels
5. Session layer (dialogue)
- It provides the necessary means for organizing and
synchronizing the dialogue between terminals + managing
the data exchange between them.
- Establishing the connection
- Dialogue type: simultaneous bidirectional / alternating
bidirectional / unidirectional;
- Synchronization: establishing control points that allow
interrupting a long dialogue
- Restoring data from the session layer

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 4. Protocol for data transmission over digital
communication channels
6. Presentation layer
- It deals with the representation of the information transferred
between the application layers (syntax / semantics) - 16/32
bit representation methods/ ASCII, etc.
- Layers 1-5 ensure the reliable transmission of bytes, but
they can have different meanings in different applications =>
the presentation level ensures a common syntax of data
transferred between application layers;
- Manage these data structures;
- It ensures the compaction of information (compression) and
their security (encryption);

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 4. Protocol for data transmission over digital
communication channels
7. Application layer
- Closest to the user;
- Determining the availability of resources =>
determines if the network has the necessary
resources for the required data communication
- Application synchronization from end user to end
user

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 Questions and Exercises
1. Describe the simple transmission system?
2. Describe the Nyquist theorem? Why should we sample the
signal?
3. Calculate the maximum frequency of the signal if the sample
rate is 10 000Hz?
4. Signals can be represented by X = cos(200πt+π). Calculate
the sample rate of modeled signal X?
5. Find Nyquist sampling interval of 2

 cos2at 

 2 t 
6. What is OSI model? Describe the function of each layer in OSI
model?
7. Describe the difference of protocol between network layer and
transport layer

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 Questions and Exercises
8. Calculate the sampling frequency Nyquist interval of the signal
of X(t) = sin2 (100πt) + cos2(200πt) ?
9. Signals can be modeled by sine waves, such as X =
cos(100πt). Calculate the sampling frequency Nyquist interval of
modeled signal X?
10. Find sampling frequency Nyquist interval of
sin 20t  sin(40t )
X (t )  
t t
11. Determine the Nyquist rate and Nyquist interval corresponding
to signal given by,
x(t)=1+sin3000πt+cos5000πt
Sampling this signal with 18 logic levels. Calculate the number of
bits in a sample and the minimum transmission rate?

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 Questions and Exercises
12. Describe the Additive noise channel model?
13. Describe the Linear filter channel model?
14. Describe the Linear time variant filter channel model?

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