Lecture 6

Load flow
Newton Raphson
 Tayler Series
If you have a function in one variable: F(x)
f (x ) 2f (x ) 2  3f ( x ) 3
f (x ) f (a )  (x  a )  2
( x  a )  3
( x  a )  ...
x a 2!x a 3!x a
Initial value u f (x )
f (x ) f (a )   u
( x  a )u

u 1 u ! x a

f (x ) 2 f ( x ) 2 3f (x ) 3
f (x ) f (a )  (x  a )  2
( x  a )  3
( x  a )  ...
x a 2!x a 3!x a

f (x )
f (x ) f (a )  (x  a )
x a
f (x )
f (x ) f  x
f (x )  f (a )  (x  a ) x
x a
If you have a function in more than one variable: F(x,y)
f f
f (x , y ) f (a , b )  (x  a )  (y  b )
x a ,b y a ,b

2 f 2  2
f
Initial value  (x  a)  (y  b ) 2  ...
2!x 2 a ,b
2!  y 2
a ,b

 u f  u
f 
f (x , y ) f (a , b )    u
(x  a )  u
(y  b ) 

u 1 u !x
u
u !  y u

 a ,b a ,b 
f f
f (x , y ) f (a , b )  (x  a )  (y  b )
x a ,b y a ,b

f f
f (x , y )  f (a , b )  (x  a )  (y  b )
x a ,b y a ,b
f f
f  x  y
x y
 Power equation
b
Pi  V iV jY ij cos(ij   j   i )
j 1
b
Q i   V iV jY ij sin(ij   j   i )
j 1

P2 f (V 2 .....V b ,  2 ......b ) Q 2 f (V 2 .....V b ,  2 ......b )

. .
. .
Pi f (V 2 .....V b ,  2 ......b ) Q i f (V 2 .....V b ,  2 ......b )
. .
. .
Pb f (V 2 .....V b ,  2 ......b ) Qb f (V 2 .....V b ,  2 ......b )
 Apply Tayler series on Power equation

At P-Q bus: P2 , P3 ,....Pi ,....Pb  Given

unknown
   1  2 ,...  i ... b  assumption
V 2 ,...V i ,...V b  assumption unknown
  0
b
f f
Pi  V iV jY ij cos(ij   j   i ) f  x  y
calculate
j 1
x y

P2 calculate P3 calculate Pb Pi f (V 2 .....V b ,  2 ......b )

calculate

Pi Pi
Pi  Pi (V 2 ...V b ,  2 ...b ) cal  v 2  ...  v b
given
v 2 v b
Pi Pi
+  2  ...   b
 2 b
Pi Pi Pi Pi
Pi  v 2  ...  v b +  2  ...   b
v 2 v b  2 b
 Pi Pi Pi Pi
Pi  v 2  ...  v b +  2  ...   b
v 2 v b  2 b
P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2
P2  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2   3   4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4

P3 P3 P3 P3 P3 P3

P3  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2   3   4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4

P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4

P4  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2   3   4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4
 Apply Tayler series on Power equation

At P-Q bus: Q 2 , Q3 ,....Qi ,....Qb  Given

unknown
   1  2 ,...  i ... b  assumption
V 2 ,...V i ,...V b  assumption unknown
  0
b
f f
Qi   V iV jY ij sin(ij   j   i ) f  x  y
calculate
j 1
x y

Q 2 calculate Q 3 calculate Qb Q i f (V 2 .....V b ,  2 ......b )

calculate

Q i Q i
Qi  Q i (V 2 ...V b ,  2 ...b ) cal  v 2  ...  v b
given
v 2 v b
Q i Q i
+  2  ...  b
 2 b
Q i Q i Q i Q i
Q i  v 2  ...  v b +  2  ...   b
v 2 v b  2 b
 Q i Q i Q i Q i
Q i  v 2  ...  v b +  2  ...   b
v 2 v b  2 b
Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2
Q 2  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2   3   4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4

Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q3
Q 3  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2   3   4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4

Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4
Q 4  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2   3   4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4
 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2
P2  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2   3   4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4
P3 P3 P3 P3 P3 P3
P3  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2   3   4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4
P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4
P4  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2   3   4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4
Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q2 Q2
Q 2  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2  3  4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2 3 4

Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3
Q 3  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2   3   4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4

Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4
Q 4  v 2  v 3 + v 4 +  2   3   4
v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4
 P  P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2  v
 2    2
   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4
 
   P P3 P3 P3 P3 P3   
 P3   3   v 3 
   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
    
 P4   P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4  
 v 4 
   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
     
 Q   Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 
  2 
 2
  v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
     
   Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 
  3 
 Q 3   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
     
   Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 
  
 Q 4   v v 3 v 4  2  3  4   4 
 2

mism Jacobian matrix

    
 P     v 

J
    
    
     P
J1
     v
 Q       P
     J2
     
Q
J3
     v
 P  



 
 
 
J J   v 
 
 
 
J4
Q


1 2
    
 Q  


 
  J J    
 
 
     
 v     P 

J -1
    
    
    
    
      Q 
    
    

k 1 k
Vi V i  v i

k 1
 i  i
k
  i
Newton Raphson Flow Chart Construct Ybus

Flat start |V|=1 & δ=0

Modify
V i k 1 V i k  v i
Calculate P & Q Ɐ bus
 ik 1   ik   i which have P &Q given

Calculate
    
 v     P  ΔP =Pgiven - Pcal
J-1
    
  
  




ΔQ =Qgiven - Qcal
    
      Q 
    
    

Calculate No Check Yes

Jacobin matrix J |ΔP| & |ΔQ|≤ ε

Stop
Thanks……
Part 2
 P  P2 P2 P2 P2 P2 P2  v
 2    2
   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4
 

J J
   P P3 P3 P3 P3 P3   
 P3   3   v 3 
   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
    
 P4   P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4  
 v 4 
   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   

1 2
     
 Q   Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 
  2 
 2
  v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   

J J
     
   Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 
  3 
 Q 3   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
     
   Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 
  
 Q 4   v

3 4
 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   4 

mism Jacobian matrix

 P Pi
J1  main diagonal  Main diagonal
v v i

b
Pi  V iV jY ij cos(ij   j   i )
j 1

Pi V iV 1Y i 1 cos(i 1  1   i )  .....  V i 2Y ii cos(ii )  ...

Pi
V 1Y i 1 cos(i 1  1   i )  .....  2 V iY ii cos( ii )  ...
v i

Pi b
 V jY ij cos(ij   j   i )  2 V iY ii cos( ii )
v i j 1
j i
  b 
Pi 1  

 
v i V i  j 1
V V Y
i j ij cos( ij   j   i )  2 V i
2
Y ii cos( )
ii 

 j i 

Pi 1  b 
   V iV jY ij cos(ij   j   i )  V i Y ii cos(ii ) 
2

v i V i  j 1 

Pi Pi Y ii G ii  j * B ii
  V iY ii cos(ii )
v i V i
Pi Pi
  V i G ii
v i V i
 P Pi
J1  off diagonal 
v v j off diagonal

b
Pi  V iV jY ij cos(ij   j   i )
j 1

Pi V iV 1Y i 1 cos(i 1  1   i )  .....  V i 2Y ii cos(ii )  ...

Pi
V iY ij cos(ij   j   i )
v j
 P Pi
J2 main diagonal  Main diagonal
  i

b
Pi  V iV jY ij cos(ij   j   i )
j 1

Pi V iV 1Y i 1 cos(i 1  1   i )  .....  V i 2Y ii cos(ii )  ...

Pi
V iV 1Y i 1 sin(i 1  1   i )  .....  V i 2Y ii cos( ii )  ...
 i

Pi b
 V iV jY ij sin(ij   j   i )
 i j 1
j i
Pi b
 V iV jY ij sin(ij   j   i )  V i 2Y ii sin(ii )  V i 2Y ii sin(ii )
 i j 1
j i

Pi b
 V iV jY ij sin(ij   j   i )  V i 2Y ii sin(ii )
 i j 1

Pi
 Q i  V i 2 Bii
 i
 P Pi
J2 off diagonal 
  j off diagonal

b
Pi  V iV jY ij cos(ij   j   i )
j 1

Pi V iV 1Y i 1 cos(i 1  1   i )  .....  V i 2Y ii cos(ii )  ...

Pi
 V iV jY ij sin(ij   j   i )
 j
 Q Q i
J3 main diagonal  Main diagonal
v v i

b
Q i   V iV jY ij sin(ij   j   i )
j 1

Q i  V iV 1Y i 1 sin(i 1  1   i )  .....  V i 2Y ii sin(ii )  ...

Q i
 V 1Y i 1 sin(i 1  1   i )  .....  2 V iY ii sin(ii )  ...
v i

Q i b
  V jY ij sin(ij   j   i )  2 V iY ii sin(ii )
v i j 1
j i
  b 
Q i 1 
   V iV jY ij sin(ij   j   i )  2 V i 2Y ii sin(ii ) 
v i V i  j 1 

 j i 

Q i 1  b 
   V iV jY ij sin(ij   j   i )  V i Y ii sin(ii ) 
2

v i V i  j 1 

Q i Q i Y ii G ii  j * B ii
  V iY ii sin(ii )
v i V i
Q i Q i
  V i Bii
v i V i
 Q Q i
J3 off diagonal 
v V j off diagonal

b
Q i   V iV jY ij sin(ij   j   i )
j 1

Q i  V iV 1Y i 1 sin(i 1  1   i )  .....  V i Y ii sin(ii )  ...

2

Q i
 V iY ij sin(ij   j   i )
v j
 Q Q i
J4 main diagonal  Main diagonal
  i

b
Q i   V iV jY ij sin(ij   j   i )
j 1

Q i  V iV 1Y i 1 sin(i 1  1   i )  .....  V i 2Y ii sin(ii )  ...

Q i
V iV 1Y i 1 cos(i 1  1   i )  .....  V i 2Y ii sin(ii )  ...
 i

Q i b
 V iV jY ij cos(ij   j   i )
 i j 1
j i
Q i b
 V iV jY ij cos(ij   j   i )  V i 2Y ii cos(ii )  V i 2Y ii cos(ii )
 i j 1
j i

Q i b
 V iV jY ij cos(ij   j   i )  V i Y ii cos(ii )
2

 i j 1

Q i
Pi  V i 2 G ii
 i
 Q Q i
J4 off diagonal 
  j off diagonal

b
Q i   V iV jY ij sin(ij   j   i )
j 1

Q i  V iV 1Y i 1 sin(i 1  1   i )  .....  V i Y ii sin(ii )  ...

2

Q i
 V iV jY ij cos(ij   j   i )
 j
 slack PQ
Examples

 P P2 P2 P2 P2 P2  v

 P2   2   2 PQ
   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4 PQ
 
   P P3 P3 P3 P3 P3   
 P3   3   v 3 
   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
    
 P4   P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4  
 v 4 
   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
    
 Q   Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2  
  2 
 2
  v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
     
   Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 
  3 
 Q 3   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
     
   Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 
  4 
 Q 4   v v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
 2
 slack PV
Examples

 P P2 P2 P2 P2 P2  v

 P2   2   2 PQ
   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4 PQ
 
   P P3 P3 P3 P3 P3   
 P3   3   v 3 
   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
    
 P4   P4 P4 P4 P4 P4 P4  
 v 4 
   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
    
 Q   Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2 Q 2  
  2 
 2
  v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
     
   Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 
  3 
 Q 3   v 2 v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
     
   Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 
  4 
 Q 4   v v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
 2
 slack PV

PQ PQ
P  P2 P2 P2 P2 P2  v
 2    3
   v 3 v 4  2  3  4
 
   P P3 P3 P3 P3   
 P3   3   v 4 
   v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
   P P4 P4 P4 P4   
 P4   4   2 
   v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
    
 Q   Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3 Q 3  
  3 
 3
  v 3 v 4  2  3  4   
    
   Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4 Q 4  
 Q 4     4 
 v 3 v 4  2  3  4 
 Test example
Newton Raphson
3-buses
System
Newton Raphson Flow Chart Construct Ybus

Flat start |V|=1 & δ=0

Modify
V i k 1 V i k  v i
Calculate P & Q Ɐ bus
 ik 1   ik   i which have P &Q given

Calculate
    
 v     P  ΔP =Pgiven - Pcal
J-1
    
  
  




ΔQ =Qgiven - Qcal
    
      Q 
    
    

Calculate No Check Yes

Jacobin matrix J |ΔP| & |ΔQ|≤ ε

Stop
 1
slack 3

PV

PQ
2
Data of the elements:

element Start end R X Y

1 1 2 0.02 0.0400 0
2 1 3 0.01 0.0300 0
3 2 3 0.0125 0.0250 0

Data of busbars:

Bus |V| σ Pg Qg PL QL Type

1 1.05 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 4 2.5 1
3 1.04 0 2 0 0 0 2
Ybus=
20 -50i -10+20i -10 +30i
-10 +20i 26 -52i -16 +32i
-10 +30i -16 +32i 26 -62i

Ybus (magnitude) =
53.8516 22.3607 31.6228
22.3607 58.1378 35.7771
31.6228 35.7771 67.2309

Ybus(angle)=
-68.1986 116.5651 108.4349
116.5651 -63.4349 116.5651
108.4349 116.5651 -67.2490
 I1   20  50i  10  20i  10  30i   1.05 0   0.6 - 1.3i 
 I    10  20i 26  52i  16  32i   1 0   -1.14 + 2.28i 
 2     
 I 3    10  30i  16  32i 26  62i  1.04 0   0.54 - 0.98i 

Scalculated=Vbus *Ibus conj

Scalculated=Pcalculated +jQcalculated
  0.63 + 1.3650i 
Scalculated 
 -1.14 - 2.28i 

 0.5616 + 1.0192i 

4 Qgiven   2.5
Pgiven 
2
Qcalculated   2.28
 1.14
Pcalculated 
0.5616
Q   0.22

 2.86
P 
1.4384
 P2 P2 P2
v 2  2  3
P2 V 2
P3 P3 P3
P3   2
v 2  2  3
Q 2  3
Q 2 Q 2 Q 2
v 2  2  3
Pi 2
 Qi  Vi Bii
 i
Pi
 Vi V j Yij sin(ij   j   i )
 j
Pi P
 i  Vi Gii
Vi Vi
Pi
 Vi Yij cos(ij   j   i )
V j
Qi 2
Pi  Vi Gii
 i
Qi
 Vi V j Yij cos(ij   j   i )
 j
Qi Qi
  Vi Bii
Vi Vi
Qi
 Vi Yij sin(ij   j   i )
V j
P2 P P
 i  Vi Gii  2  V2 G22 24.86
V2 Vi V2
P2 2 2
 Qi  Vi Bii  Q2  V2 B22 54.28
 2
P2
 Vi V j Yij sin( ij   j   i )  V2 V3 Y23 sin( 23   3   2 )  33.27
 3
P3
 Vi Yij cos( ij   j   i )  V3 Y23 cos( 23   2   3 )  16.63
V2
P3
 Vi V j Yij sin(ij   j   i )  V3 V2 Y23 sin( 23   2   3 )  33.27
 2
P3 2 2
 Qi  Vi Bii  Q3  V3 B33 66.04
 3
Q3
 Vi Yij sin( ij   j   i )  V3 Y23 sin( 23   2   3 )  33.27
V2
Q3
 Vi V j Yij cos( ij   j   i )  V3 V2 Y23 cos( 23   2   3 ) 16.63
 2
Q3 2 2
Pi  Vi Gii P3  V3 G33  27.56
 3
 24.86 54.28 -33.27
J  -16.63 -33.27 66.04
-33.27 16.63 -27.56

1
V2 24.86 54.28 -33.27  2.86
 2  -16.63 -33.27 66.04 1.4384
 3 -33.27 16.63 -27.56  0.22

V2 0.0018 -0.0092 -0.0241  2.86

 2  0.0259 0.0175 0.0106 1.4384
 3 0.0135 0.0216 -0.0007  0.22
 V2 -0.0130
 2  -0.0512
 3 -0.0073
k 1 k
V 2 V  V2 1  0.013 0.987
2
k 1
 2    2 0  0.0512  0.0512
k
2
k 1
 3    3 0  0.0073  0.0073
k
3

Advantages of Newton Raphson:

1- is the most exact load flow technique
Thanks……