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Communication

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5 views13 pages

Communication

Uploaded by

gfwm25hqhf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1

Fundamental concepts of computer


networks.

1.1
1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term telecommunication means communication at a
distance. The word data refers to information presented
in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
and using the data.

Data communications are the exchange of data between


two devices via some form of transmission medium such
as a wire cable or wireless.
1.Delivery → Correct destination
2.Accuracy → Accurate data
3.Timelines → Real-time transmission
4.Jitter → Uneven delay
1.2
Topics discussed in this section:
Components
Data Representation
Data Flow

Components
Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication

5
1

2 3
4

1.3
Data Representation
1. Text
2. Numbers
3. Images
4. Audio
5. Video

Data flow

 Simplex

 Half-duplex

 Full-duplex

1.4
1-2 NETWORKS

A network is a set of devices (nodes) connected by


communication links. A node can be a computer, printer,
or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving
data generated by other nodes on the network.
Topics discussed in this section:
Distributed Processing
Network Criteria (performance, reliability, and security)
Physical Structures ( type of connections and topologies)
Network Models
Categories of Networks ( LAN, MAN and WAN)
Interconnection of Networks: Internet

1.5
Types of connections
 Point to point
 A dedicated link is provided
between two devices

 Multipoint
 More than two specific devices
share a single link

1.6
Physical Topology

Tree

1.7
MESH Topology
• Every device has a dedicated point-to-point
link to every other devices
• Dedicated
– Link carries traffic only between the two
devices it connects
– A fully connected mesh network has n(n-1)/2
physical channels to link n devices
– Every device on the network must have n-1
input/output (I/O) ports
• Advantage
– Less traffic, robust, secure, easy to maintain
• Disadvantage
– Need more resource (cable and ports),
expensive n(n-1)/2 physical duplex links

1.8
STAR Topology
• Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller,
usually called a hub.
• No direct traffic and link between devices

• Advantages
– Less expensive

– Easy to install and reconfigure

– Robustness

• Disadvantage
– Single point of failure

1.9
BUS Topology

• A multipoint topology
• All devices are linked through a backbone cable
• Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps.
– Drop line
• A connection running between the device and the main cable
– Tap
• A connector that either splices into the main cable or punctures the
sheathing of a cable to create a contact with the metallic core
• Advantage:
– Ease of installation
 Disadvantages:
• Difficult reconnection and fault isolation
• Broken or fault of the bus cable stops all transmission

1.10
RING Topology

• Each device is dedicated point-to-point connection only with the two devices on either side of it
• A signal is passed along the ring in the direction, from device to device, until it reaches its
destination
• Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater

• Advantages
– Relatively easy to install and reconfigure
– Fault isolation is simplified
• Disadvantage
– Unidirectional traffic

1.11
Tree Topology
Tree topologies integrate multiple topologies together

Example: Tree topology


integrates multiple star
topologies together onto
a bus

• Advantages:
– Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.
– Supported by several hardware and software venders.
• Disadvantages:
– Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used.
– If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down.
– More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.

1.12
A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

1.13

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