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Algebraic Structure

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Algebraic Structure

Uploaded by

abrar.lol789
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Algebraic Structures

ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES

A mathematical structure is a formal model which


capture common properties or behavior of different
sets.
It consists of an abstract set, together with operations
and relations which obey certain rules.
we will define three common algebraic structures:
groups, rings, and fields.

Topics discussed in this section:


Groups
Rings
Fields
Continued

Common algebraic structure


Groups

A group (G) is a set of elements with a binary operation


(•) that satisfies three properties (or axioms). A
commutative group satisfies an extra property,
commutativity:

❏ Associativity: (a • b) • c = a • (b • c)
❏ Commutativity: a • b = b • a
❏ Existence of identity: e • a = a • e = a
❏ Existence of inverse: a • a^-1 = e
Continued
Application
Although a group involves a single operation, the
properties imposed on the operation allow the use of a
pair of operations as long as they are inverses of each
other.

Example
1. The set of real integers with the addition operator,
G = < Z , +>,
is a commutative group.
2. The set of integers mod n with the addition operator
G = < Zn , +>,
is a group.
Ring

A ring consists of a set R and two binary operations “+"


(addition) and “." (multiplication), defined on R, for
which the following conditions are satisfied:
1. Additive associative: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c), for all a; b; c ε R.
2. Additive commutative: a + b = b + a, for all a; b ε R.
3. Additive identity: There exists an element 0 ε R such that for all a ε R, 0+a =
a + 0 = a.
4. Additive inverse: for every a ε R, there exists -a ε R such that a + (-a) =
(-a) + a = 0.
5. Left and right distributivity: For all a; b; c ε R, it holds that a . (b+c) = a. b+a. c
and (b + c) . a = b . a + c . a.
6. Multiplicative associativity: For all a; b; c ε R, it holds that (a . b) . c = a . (b . c).
If R is multiplicatively commutative, then it is a commutative ring.
Continued
Application
Although a group involves a single operation, the
properties imposed on the operation allow the use of a
pair of operations as long as they are inverses of each
other.
Example
1. The set of real integers with the addition and multiplication
operator,
G = < Z , +, *>,
is a ring.
2. The set of integers mod n with the addition and multiplication
operator
G = < Zn , +,*>,
is a ring.
Field

A field consists of a set F and two binary operations “+"


(addition) and “." (multiplication), defined on R, for
which the following conditions are satisfied:

1 (F,+, .) is a ring.
2. Multiplicative commutative: For any a, b ε F, a . b = b . a
3. Multiplicative identity: There exists 1 ε F such that a.1 = 1.a = a for all a ε F.
4. Multiplicative inverse: If a ε F and a != 0, there exists b ε F such that a . b =
b . a = 1.
4.9

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