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7 views12 pages

1 Lectures

Uploaded by

Adam Mustapha
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CWE 526: WATER SUPPLY (AND SANITARY) Engineering (3 unit)

3 Hours Course

Prepared by

Dr. Mohammed Ngabura Bukar


Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.

Session 2022/2023
General Course Outline:

Estimation of Demand, population projection,


estimation of quantity from available water sources
viz surface water, groundwater etc., analysis of
treatment units and design of water treatment
plants depending on source of water e.g. intake
work, raw water transmission mains, treatment
units, analysis and design of water distribution
systems viz reservoirs, pipe networks and
appurtenances, management and operation of
water supply systems-treatment works and
Lecture OUTLINE
 Estimation of Water Demand
 Population Projection (Methods of Population Forecasting)
Estimation of water demand

- Water demand and quantity studies.


- Estimation of water demand for a town or city:
- Primarily, importance in the design of water supply system is the framing of
an estimate given the total quantity of water that will be required by the
community after the completion of work.
- The estimation enables the design of a) size; b) capacity of all the
constituents of water supply and this can be achieved with the help of 2
factors, these are: 1) The probable estimation of at the end of design
period; 2) rate of water supply per capita per day.
- Generally, the quantity of water required by town and city is calculated
basically for one person.
- Therefore, according to WHO, 270 LPCD
- Then for the entire town, we have to multiply 270 by number of population
in the community.
Types of water demands: Six categories:

i) Domestic water demand;


ii) Industrial demand;
iii)Institutional & Commercial demand
iv)Demand for public use
v) Fire demand
vi)Losses & wastes

i) DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND:


The quantity of water required for house is for drinking, bathing, cooking,
washing, etc. It depends on the habitats, social status, climatic conditions and
life style of the people living there. According to IS:1172-1963, under normal
conditions, the domestic consumption of water in some countries, e.g India is
about 135 lpcd, but in developed countries, this figure may be higher, usually
around 350 lpcd. The break down for water demand in India is: drinking = 5 L,
cooking = 5 L, bath = 55 L, washing clothes = 20 L, utensils cleaning = 10 L,
house washing 10 L sum up to give 135 LPCD.
ii) INDUSTRIAL DEMAND:
Depending on the types of industry; 20 – 25 % of the total demand of the city would be considered.

iii) INSTITUTIONAL & COMMERCIAL DEMAND


Includes: office building, ware houses, stores, hotels, shopping centers, health centers, schools,
worshiping areas, cinemas, railways and bus stations, etc.

According to IS: 1172-1963, the following demands are recommended:


Types of building Consumption LPCD Types of building Consumption LPCD
1. Factories a) with a) 45; b) 30 9. Schools: a) day b) a) 45; b) 135
bathrooms b) boarding
without bathrooms 10. Gardens and 35/sqr meters
2. Hospitals a) no. of b) 450; b) 340 sport grounds
beds a) > 100 b) 11. Animals and 45
< 100 135 vehicles
3. Nurses houses and
iv) Demand for public use: quantity of water
medical quarters 135
4. Hostels 45 required for public utility purpose such as
5. Offices 70 sprinkling of road, cleaning of sewers, watering of
6. Restaurants public gardens, provision of 5 % of the total
(according to no. 180 consumption need to be made in designing the
of seats) 15 water works for the city. That is, add 5 % of extra
7. Hostels/bed water to the total quantity of water demand.
8. Cinemas/concert
Population Projection (Methods of Population Forecasting/Prediction of population)

- Calculation of the population count in the future: The objective is to estimate the
number of people in the town or city in other to identify the quantity of water that
would be sufficient and sustainable to them.
- In an environmental engineering (water supply aspect in this case), this phenomena is
vital, because if we don’t know the total number of people that are leaving in certain
community, we cannot estimate the quantity of water that could be enough for the
population.
- Therefore, we are going to apply the technology behind population forecasting to
assist us resolve such issues easily.

These future forecasting are based on some basic factors as follows:


1) Knowledge of the city & its environment; 2) Trade; 3) Expansion 4) Development of the
surrounding; 5) Raw materials in the city, town, community; 6) Communication based
in it.

Methods that are generally used for predicting population:


Basically, there are 6 methods use for calculating the population forecasting. These are:
1) Annual rate of increase method 2) Arithmetical progression method; 3) Geometrical
progression method; 4) Incremental increase method; 5) Changing rate of increase
1) Annual rate of increase method: in this method, the rate of increase per annum is first determine and
population prediction is therefore calculated. The basic formular used is:

Where = population at the end of n year; P = population at any time; i = annual rate of increase of
population

As the rate of increase of population is not a constant value, the result obtained are approximated.
When we are calculating annual rate at increase, whatever the value we are getting or whatever
prediction we are getting, the population is obtained as an approximate value.

This is the actual formular to calculate the population forecast.

2) Arithmetical progression method


In this method, a constant increase in the growth of population is added periodically, based on the time
going on. The population is generally determine at the n number of years or n decades, The basic
formular is givenas:

Where, is population at the end of the years, P is the present population, i is the per year or per decade
increase of population.
This method is very important for a stabilized city, i.e, if the population growth is in stable condition.
3) Geometrical progression method:
In this case, a constant % growth is assumed before equal period of time which is given in a formular:

Where i is the per year or per decade % rate increase.

This methods should be very carefully used as it give very high results when applied to rapidly
advancing cities, which usually having expansions of short duration, that would yield to high rate of
result.

4) Incremental increase method: In this case, the average increase in the population is found as per
arithmetical progression method, we would be taking an average and increases added to the
arithmetical progression methods to get the net incremental increase once for every future decade.

The average of increase in population is found out as the arithmetical progression method
and to that it is added to the average of the net incremental increase in one year, once for
every future decade. So evidently, this method involves the advantage of both the
prediction method and the value of population obtained, therefore it is more correct
method.

The incremental increase method is more correct because we are adding the future decades population
to every year.

Generally, We will be taking the arithmetical progression methods and adding the average of the net
incremental increase once for every future decades.
Let’s discuss on an
environmental impact
assessment.
REFERENCES:

ASK ME FOR IT
THANK YOU
For Choosing Water supply
Engineering

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