Database & Database

Management System
(DBMS)
An Introduction
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 Objectives
• Understand why databases are important to
modern organizations
• Understand how databases work
• Understand how organizations can maximize
their strategic potential with databases

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Intro to Database
 Data is a vital part of any organization. It needs to
be stored, organized, managed, accessed,
protected and manipulated.
 A database is an organized collection of structured
information or data, typically stored electronically in
a computer system.
 It is a collection of interrelated data that helps in the
efficient retrieval, insertion, and deletion of data
from the database and organizes the data in the
form of tables, views, schemas, reports, etc.
 A database is usually controlled by a database
management system (DBMS).
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Continue
 Together the data and the DBMS along with the
applications that are associated with them are
referred to as a database system often shortened
to just database.
 For Example, A university database organizes the
data about students, faculty, admin staff, etc. which
helps in the efficient retrieval, insertion, and
deletion of data from it.
 We use databases to
 Create a book

 Track book sales

 Set salaries and wages

 Pay employees 4
DBMS
• A Database Management System (DBMS) is a
software system that is designed to manage
and organize data in a structured manner.
• It allows users to create, modify, and query a
database, as well as manage the security and
access controls for that database.
• DBMS provides an environment to store and
retrieve data in convenient and efficient
manner.

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Purpose of DBMS
• The purpose of a database is to keep track of
things
• Unlike a list or spreadsheet, a database may
store information that is more complicated than
a simple list

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Database Management for Strategic
Advantage
• The Database Approach: Foundational Concepts
• DBMS – Database Management Systems
• Use a DBMS software to create, store, organize, and retrieve data
from a single database or several databases
• Example: Microsoft Access
• Effective Management of Databases
• The database administrator (DBA)
• Works with programmers and analysts to design and
implement the database
• Works with users and managers to establish database policies
• Implements security features and establishes database
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permissions
Database Management for Strategic
Advantage
Advantages of the Database Approach
• Program-data independence
• Minimal data redundancy
• Improved data consistency
• Improved data sharing
• Increased productivity of application development
• Enforcement of standards
• Improved data quality
• Improved data accessibility
• Reduced program maintenance

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Database Systems - Components
• The four components of a database system
are:
• Users
• Database Application
• Database Management System (DBMS)
• Database

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Database Systems - Users
 A user of a database system will
 Use a database application to track things

 Use forms to enter, read, delete and query data

 Produce reports

Database Systems – Database Application

• A set of one or more computer programs that serves as an
intermediary between the users and the DBMS
• Application program that read or modify database data by
sending SQL statements to DBMS.
• Application program to present data to users in the 10
format of forms and reports.
Database Systems – Database
Application : Functions

• Create and process forms

• Process user queries
• Create and process reports
• Execute application logic
• Control database applications

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Database Systems – DBMS
 A computer program used to create, process and
administer the database
 DBMS receives request encoded in SQL and
translates these requests into actions on the
database
 DBMS is a large, complicated program that is
licensed software. Almost majority of the companies
never write their own DBMS program.

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Database Systems – Database
 The database is a collection of related tables and
other structures.
 A database is a self-describing collection of related
records

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Key Features of Database
Data modeling: A DBMS provides tools for creating and
modifying data models, which define the structure and
relationships of the data in a database.
Data storage and retrieval: A DBMS is responsible for storing
and retrieving data from the database, and can provide
various methods for searching and querying the data.
Concurrency control: A DBMS provides mechanisms for
controlling concurrent access to the database, to ensure that
multiple users can access the data without conflicting with
each other.
Data integrity and security: A DBMS provides tools for
enforcing data integrity and security constraints, such as
constraints on the values of data and access controls that
restrict who can access the data.
Backup and recovery: A DBMS provides mechanisms for
backing up and recovering the data in the event of a system 14
failure.
Functions of DBMS
• Create databases
• Create tables
• Create supporting structures
• Read database data
• Modify database data (insert, update, delete)
• Maintain database structures
• Enforce rules
• Control concurrency
• Provide security
• Perform backup and recovery

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Types of DBMS

DBMS can be classified into two types

 Relational Database Management System
(RDBMS)
 Non-Relational Database Management System
(NoSQL or Non-SQL)
 Object Oriented Database Management System
(OODBMS)
Organizational Database Management System
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Types of DBMS
• Relational Database Management System (RDBMS): Data
is organized into tables (relations) with rows and columns,
and the relationships between the data are managed
through primary and foreign keys. SQL (Structured Query
Language) is used to query and manipulate the data.
• NoSQL DBMS: Designed for high-performance scenarios
and large-scale data, NoSQL databases store data in
various non-relational formats such as key-value pairs,
documents, graphs, or columns.
• Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS): Stores data as objects,
similar to those used in object-oriented programming,
allowing for complex data representations and
relationships 17
Organizational DBMS
• Organizational database systems typically:
• Support several users simultaneously
• Include more than one application
• Involve multiple computers
• Are complex in design
• Have many tables
• Have many databases

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Organizational DBMS

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Database Languages
• Data Definition Language
• Data Manipulation Language
• Data Control Language
• Transactional Control Language

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Advantages of Databases
• Data organization: A DBMS allows for the organization and storage
of data in a structured manner, making it easy to retrieve and query
the data as needed.
• Data integrity: A DBMS provides mechanisms for enforcing data
integrity constraints, such as constraints on the values of data and
access controls that restrict who can access the data.
• Concurrent access: A DBMS provides mechanisms for controlling
concurrent access to the database, to ensure that multiple users can
access the data without conflicting with each other.
• Data security: A DBMS provides tools for managing the security of
the data, such as controlling access to the data and encrypting
sensitive data.
• Backup and recovery: A DBMS provides mechanisms for backing up
and recovering the data in the event of a system failure.
• Data sharing: A DBMS allows multiple users to access and share the 21
same data, which can be useful in a collaborative work environment.
Disadvantages of Databases
• Complexity: DBMS can be complex to set up and maintain,
requiring specialized knowledge and skills.
• Performance overhead: The use of a DBMS can add overhead
to the performance of an application, especially in cases
where high levels of concurrency are required.
• Scalability: The use of a DBMS can limit the scalability of an
application, since it requires the use of locking and other
synchronization mechanisms to ensure data consistency.
• Cost: The cost of purchasing, maintaining and upgrading a
DBMS can be high, especially for large or complex systems.
• Limited Use Cases: Not all use cases are suitable for a DBMS,
some solutions don’t need high reliability, consistency or
security and may be better served by other types of data 22
storage.
Applications of Databases
• Enterprise Information: Sales, accounting, human
resources, Manufacturing, online retailers.
• Banking and Finance Sector: Banks maintaining the
customer details, accounts, loans, banking transactions,
credit card transactions. Finance: Storing the information
about sales and holdings, purchasing of financial stocks
and bonds.
• University: Maintaining the information about student
course enrolled information, student grades, staff roles.
• Airlines: Reservations and schedules.
• Telecommunications: Prepaid, postpaid bills maintance.
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