William Stallings

Data and Computer

Communications
7th Edition

Chapter 3
Data Transmission

1
Introduction to Data
communication

• Data communications refers to the transmission

of data between two or more computers and a
computer network or data network is a
telecommunications network that allows
computers to exchange data.
• The physical connection between networked
computing devices is established using either
cable media or wireless media.
• The best-known computer network is the
Internet.

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Introduction to Data
communication
• Network Basic Understanding
• A system of interconnected computers and
computerized peripherals such as printers is
called computer network.
• This interconnection among computers facilitates
information sharing among them.
• Computers may connect to each other by either
wired or wireless media.

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Introduction to Data
communication
• Internet
• A network of networks is called an internetwork,
or simply the internet. It is the largest network in
existence on this planet.
• The internet hugely connects all WANs and it can
have connection to LANs and Home networks.
Internet uses TCP/IP protocol suite and uses IP as
its addressing protocol.
• Present day, Internet is widely implemented
using IPv4. Because of shortage of address
spaces, it is gradually migrating from IPv4 to
IPv6.

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Introduction to Data
communication
• Internet (Continue)
• Internet enables its users to share and access
enormous amount of information worldwide. It
uses WWW, FTP, email services, audio and video
streaming etc. At huge level, internet works on
Client-Server model.
• Internet uses very high speed backbone of fiber
optics. To inter-connect various continents, fibers
are laid under sea known to us as submarine
communication cable.

5
Advantages of Digital
Communication

• In digital signals, the impact of noise

interference, distortion is less.

• It facilitates video conferencing that saves time,

money, and effort. We can perform video
conferencing with someone or a group of people
without any traveling. In video conferencing, we
can see the facial expressions, which are helpful
in reading the reaction of people.

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Advantages of Digital
Communication
• It is easy to implement, less expensive.
• It is used in military applications.
• The correction and detection of errors are easy in
digital communication, as there is a use of
channel coding.
• As compared to analog signals, it is easy to save
and retrieve digital signals.
• In digital signals, the configuring process is easy
as compared to analog signals.
• There is a common encoding technique in most
digital circuits, so for a number of processes,
similar devices can be used.
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Advantages of Digital
Communication
Communication Model

8
 Input Input Output Output
Transmetter Channel Receiver
Message Transducer Transducer Message

Voice Voice
Amplifier Medium
Text Text
Modulation/ Noise\ Demodulate
Video Signal Video
Career Attenuation\ decoding
Image Image
Encoding distortion

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Codes for digital signal
transmission

Codes for digital signal transmission

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Codes for digital signal
transmission
• Digital Transmission Data can be
represented either in analog or digital
form.
• The computers used the digital form to
store the information.
• Therefore, the data needs to be converted
in digital form so that it can be used by a
computer.

11
Codes for digital signal
transmission
• DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION
• Digital-to-digital encoding is the
representation of digital information by a
digital signal. When binary 1s and 0s
generated by the computer are translated
into a sequence of voltage pulses that can
be propagated over a wire, this process is
known as digital-to-digital encoding.

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Codes for digital signal
transmission
• DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION

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Codes for digital signal
transmission
• DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION
• Digital-to-digital encoding is divided into
three categories: Unipolar Encoding
• Polar Encoding
• Bipolar Encoding

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Codes for digital signal
transmission
• Unipolar
• Digital transmission system sends the
voltage pulses over the medium link such
as wire or cable.
• In most types of encoding, one voltage
level represents 0, and another voltage
level represents 1.
• The polarity of each pulse determines
whether it is positive or negative.

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Codes for digital signal
transmission
• Unipolar
• This type of encoding is known as Unipolar
encoding as it uses only one polarity.
• In Unipolar encoding, the polarity is assigned to
the 1 binary state.
• In this, 1s are represented as a positive value
and 0s are represented as a zero value.
• In Unipolar Encoding, '1' is considered as a high
voltage and '0' is considered as a zero voltage.
• Unipolar encoding is simpler and inexpensive
to implement.

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Codes for digital signal
transmission
• Unipolar

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Codes for digital signal
transmission
• Polar
• Polar encoding is an encoding scheme
that uses two voltage levels: one is
positive, and another is negative.
• By using two voltage levels, an average
voltage level is reduced, and the DC
component problem of unipolar encoding
scheme is alleviated.

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Codes for digital signal
transmission
• Polar
• NRZ stands for Non-return zero.
• In NRZ encoding, the level of the signal can be represented
either positive or negative.

19
Codes for digital signal
transmission
• Polar
• The two most common methods used in
NRZ are:
• NRZ-L: In NRZ-L encoding, the level of the signal
depends on the type of the bit that it represents.
If a bit is 0 or 1, then their voltages will be
positive and negative respectively. Therefore, we
can say that the level of the signal is dependent
on the state of the bit.

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Codes for digital signal
transmission
• Polar
• The two most common methods used in
NRZ are:
• NRZ-I: NRZ-I is an inversion of the voltage
level that represents 1 bit. In the NRZ-I
encoding scheme, a transition occurs
between the positive and negative voltage
that represents 1 bit. In this scheme, 0 bit
represents no change and 1 bit represents
a change in voltage level.

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Codes for digital signal
transmission
• RZ
• RZ stands for Return to zero.
• There must be a signal change for each bit
to achieve synchronization. However, to
change with every bit, we need to have
three values: positive, negative and zero.
• RZ is an encoding scheme that provides
three values, positive voltage represents
1, the negative voltage represents 0, and
zero voltage represents none.

22
Codes for digital signal
transmission
• RZ
• In the RZ scheme, halfway through each
interval, the signal returns to zero.
• In RZ scheme, 1 bit is represented by
positive-to-zero and 0 bit is represented
by negative-to-zero.

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Codes for digital signal
transmission
• RZ

24
Codes for digital signal
transmission
• RZ
• Disadvantage of RZ: It performs two signal
changes to encode one bit that acquires
more bandwidth.

25
Codes for digital signal
transmission
• Biphase
• Biphase is an encoding scheme in which
signal changes at the middle of the bit
interval but does not return to zero.
• Biphase encoding is implemented in two
different ways:

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