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Data Analysis

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Manjeet Kotwal
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3 views8 pages

Data Analysis

Uploaded by

Manjeet Kotwal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Data Analysis, Interpretation &

Conclusion
Dr. Ramakanta Prusty
Principal
B P College of Business Administration
Introduction
• Analysis and interpretation of data represent the application of deductive and
inductive logic to the research process. The data are often classified by
division into, subgroups, and are then analyzed and synthesized in such a way
that hypothesis may be verified or rejected. The final result may be a new
principle or generalization. Data are examined in terms of comparison
between the more homogeneous segments within the group any by
comparison with some outside criteria.
• Analysis of data includes comparison of the outcomes of the various
treatments upon the several groups and the making of a decision as to the
achievement of the goals of research. Data relevant to each hypothesis must
be assembled in quantitative form and tested to determine whether or not
there is a significant difference in the results obtained from the controlled
groups. Usually the analysis develops as a comparison between groups
however, sometimes the type of data obtainable tends itself better to the
existing differences by contrast or by summing up.
NEED FOR ANALYSIS OF DATA

• After administering and scoring research tools scripts, data


collected and organized. The collected data are known as ‘raw
data.’ The raw data are meaningless unless certain statistical
treatment is given to them. Analysis of data means to make the
raw data meaningful or to draw some results from the data after
the proper treatment. The ‘null hypotheses’ are tested with the
help of analysis data so to obtain some significant results. Thus,
the analysis of data serves the following main functions:
– To make the raw data meaningful,
– To test null hypothesis,
– To obtain the significant results,
– To draw some inferences or make generalization, and
– To estimate parameters.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA

• Statistical analysis of data is of two types:


– Descriptive Statistical Analysis, and
– Inferential Statistical Analysis.
1. Descriptive Statistical Analysis

• Descriptive statistical analysis is concerned with numerical description


of a particular group observed and any similarity to those outside the
group can not be taken for granted. The data describe one group and
that one group only.
• Simple research involves descriptive statistics and provides valuable
information about the nature of a particular group or class.

• Most commonly used methods of analysis data statistically are:


– Calculating frequency distribution usually in percentages of items under study.
– Testing data for normality of distribution skewness and kurtosis.
– Calculating percentiles and percentile ranks.
– Calculating measures of central tendency-mean, median and mode and
establishing norms.
– Calculating measures of dispersion-standard deviation mean deviation,
quartile deviation and
– range.
– Calculating measures of relationship-coefficient of correlation, Reliability and
validity by the Rank-difference and Product moment methods.
– Graphical Representation of data
2. Inferential Statistical Analysis
• Inferential statistical analysis involves the process of sampling, the
selection for study of a small group that is assumed to be related to
the large group from which it is drawn. The small group is known as
the sample; the large group, the population or universe, A statistics is a
measure based on a sample. A statistic computed from a sample may
be used to estimate a parameter, the corresponding value in the
population from which it is selected.
• The chain of reasoning from statistics to parameters is a part of what
we call inferential statistics. The inference is from the statistics to the
parameters, the process of which is explained below:
– We have a population and want to make decisions about measures of the
population namely parameters.
– We have a random sample and compute measures of the sample which are
termed as statistics.
– The statistics are used to estimate parameters with sample fluctuation.
– We have to obtain the sample statistics which are the facts that we have to
infer back to the parameters in the light of the underlying distribution and
probability.
Elementary Statistical Techniques of Data Analysis

• Most commonly used statistical techniques of data analysis are:


– Calculating frequency of distribution in percentages of items under study.
– Testing data for normality of distribution Skewness Kurtosis and mode.
– Calculating percentiles and percentile ranks.
– Calculating measures of central tendency-Mean, Median and Mode and establishing
Norms.
– Calculating measures of dispersion-Standard deviation, Mean deviation, quartile
deviation
– and range.
– Calculating measures of relationship-Coefficients of Correlation, Reliability by the Rank
– difference and Product moment method.
– Graphical presentation of data-Frequency polygon curve, Histogram, Cumulative
frequency polygon and Ogive, etc.

• While analysis the investigator usually makes use of as many of the above simple statistical
devices as necessary for the purpose for their study. There are some other complicated
devices of statistical analysis listed below which researcher use in particular experimental or
complex casual comparative studies and investigations
Special Statistical Techniques of Analysis

• The following are the special statistical techniques of analysis:

– Test of students ‘t’ and analysis of variance for testing significance of


differences between statistics especially between Means.
– Chi-square test for testing null hypothesis.
– Calculation of Biserial ‘r’ and Tetrachoric ‘r’ for finding out
relationship between different phenomena in complex situations.
– Calculation of partial and multiple correlation and of Bivariate and
Multivariate Regression Equations for findings out casual
relationship between various phenomena involved in a situation.
– Factorial Analysis for the purpose of analysing the composition of
certain complex phenomena.
– Analysis of co-variance for estimating the true effect of the
treatment after adjusting the initial effect.

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