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Lecture 7-Development Lengthr

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Lecture 7-Development Lengthr

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Reinforced

Concrete I
Aksum University
Engineering Faculty
Department of Civil Engineering
Lecture-7
Bond, Anchorage and Development Length

Bond
In order for reinforced concrete to behave as
intended, it is essential that bond forces be
developed on the interface between concrete and
steel, such as to prevent significant slip from
occurring at that interface.
If the bar is smooth enough to slip, the assumption
that the strain in an embedded reinforcing bar is
the same as that in the surrounding concrete, would
not be valid. Consequently, the beam would be very
little stronger than if it were built of plain concrete,
without reinforcement. 2
Bond

Figure Bond stresses


due to flexure
(a)beam before
loading;
(b) unrestrained slip
between concrete
and steel

3
Bond

Figure
(c) bond forces
acting on concrete;
(d) bond forces
acting on steel.

4
Bond
 Formerly plain bars were used with
provision of end anchorage in the form of
hooks. Such beam forms a broken bond
over the entire length between anchorages
and acts as a tied arch

5
Bond

To avoid development of wide cracks and


dispense with special anchorage devices,
deformed bars are now universally used.
With such bars, the shoulders of the
projecting ribs bear on the surrounding
concrete and result in greatly increased bond
strength.

6
Development Length
 Ultimate bond failures for bars in tension are of
two types:
 The first is direct pullout of the bar, which occurs
when ample confinement is provided by the
surrounding concrete.
 The second type of failure is splitting of the
concrete along the bar when cover, confinement
or bar spacing is insufficient to resist the lateral
concrete tension resulting from the wedging
effect of the bar deformations. The latter if more
common than the former
7
Development Length

Splitting of concrete along reinforcement 8


Development Length
 The development length is defined as that length of
embedment necessary to develop the full tensile
strength of the bar, controlled by either pullout or
splitting.
 Referring to figure on the next slide, the moment,
and hence the tensile stress, is evidentially
maximum at point a and zero at supports. The total
tension force Abfs must be transferred from the bar
to the concrete in the distance l by bond stress on
the surface.

9
Development Length

Figure Development length


10
Development Length
 The safety against bond failure is that the length
of the bar, from any point of given steel stress (fs
or at most fy) to its nearby free end must be at
least equal to its development length.
 The basic anchorage length, lb, is the straight
length of bar required to anchor the force Asfyd.
For a bar of diameter-, this force must equal the
shear force developed between the bar surface
and the surrounding concrete:

11
Development Length

As f yd  l b  f bd
 2
But As 
4
 2
 f yd l b f bd
4
f yd
 lb 
4f bd
12
Development Length
 The required anchorage length lb,net
depends on the type of anchorage and on
the stress in the reinforcement and can be
calculated as: As ,cal
l b ,net  alb  l b ,min
As ,ef

13
Development Length
Where,
As,cal = theoretical area of reinforcement required by
the design.
As,ef = area of reinforcement actually provided.
= 1.0 for straight bar anchorage in tension or
compression.
= 0.7 for anchorage in tension with standard hooks.
For bars in tension, lb,min = 0.3lb  10 or  200mm
For bars in compression, lb,min = 0.6lb  10 or  200mm

14
Figures Standard Hooks

15
Development Length
 Reinforcement shall extend beyond the
point at which it is no longer required to
resist tension for a length given by:
A.lb
B.lb,net  d provided that in this case, the
continuing bars are capable of resisting
twice the applied moment at the section.

16
Bar Cut off and Bend
points
 It is a common practice either to cut off
bars where they are no longer required to
resist stress or in case of continuous
beams, to bend up bottom steel so that it
provides tensile reinforcement at the top of
the beam over the support. To determine
bend points, or bar cutting points, the
moment diagram resulting from loading for
maximum span moment and maximum
support moment is shown below.
17
Figure Tensile force diagram

18
Bar Cut off and Bend
points
 Recognizing the various uncertainties,
for bars with no special end anchorage
the full development length lb,net [d or
12] whichever is larger, must be
provided beyond the peak stress
location. The critical section may be the
point of max moment or a point where
adjacent terminated reinforcement is no
longer needed to resist bending.

19
In the absence of explicit calculation, the
sketch shown may serve this purpose.

Figure Curtailment of reinforcement – simply supported end 20


Figure Simplified curtailment rules for beams 21
Figure Simplified curtailment rules for beams 22

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