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 Chapter 1
Introduction to
Computer
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 Computer
Computers are everywhere: at work, at
school, and at home. In the workplace,
employees use computers to create
correspondence such as e-mail messages,
memos, and letters; manage calendars;
calculate payroll; track inventory; and
generate invoices. At school, teachers use
computers to assist with classroom
instruction.
Students use computers to complete
assignments and research.
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 Computer
 People also spend hours of leisure time using a
computer. They play games, communicate with
friends and relatives online and using e-mail,
purchase goods online, converse in chat rooms,
listen to music or radio broadcasts, watch or
create videos and movies, read books and
magazines, share stories, research genealogy,
retouch photos, and plan vacations. At work, at
school, and at home, computers are helping
people do their work faster, more accurately, and
in some cases, in ways that previously would not
have been possible.
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 Computer
A computer is an electronic device, operating
under the control of instructions stored in its
own memory, that can accept data (input),
process the data according to specified rules
(process), produce results (output), and store
the results (storage) for future use. Generally,
the term is used to describe a collection of
electric, electronic, and mechanical
components known as hardware.

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 Functionalities of a computer:

Any digital computer carries out five

functions in gross terms:

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 Computer Components

Any kind of computers consists of

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE.
 Hardware:
Computer hardware is the collection of physical
elements that constitutes a computer system.
Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or
components of a computer such as the monitor,
mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive
disk (HDD), system unit (graphic cards, sound
cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc. all of
which are physical objects that can be touched.
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 Hardware

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 Hardware
Input Devices
Input device is any peripheral (piece of
computer hardware equipment to provide
data and control signals to an information
processing system such as a computer or
other information appliance.
Input device Translate data from form that
humans understand to one that the
computer can work with. Most common
are keyboard and mouse.
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 Hardware
Input Devices

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 Hardware
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 A CPU is brain of a computer. It is responsible
for all functions and processes. Regarding
computing power, the CPU is the most
important element of a computer system
 The CPU is comprised of three main parts :
1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Executes all
arithmetic and logical operations. Arithmetic
calculations like as addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. Logical operation like
compare numbers, letters, or special characters
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 Hardware
2. Control Unit (CU): controls and co-ordinates computer
components.
 Read the code for the next instruction to be executed.
 Increment the program counter so it points to the next
instruction.
 Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in
memory.
 Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register.
 If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware
to complete, instruct the hardware to perform the
requested operation.
3. Registers :Stores the data that is to be executed next, "very
fast storage area".

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 Hardware
 Primary Memory:-
 RAM: Random Access Memory (RAM) is a memory scheme
within the computer system responsible for storing data on a
temporary basis, so that it can be promptly accessed by the
processor as and when needed. It is volatile in nature, which
means that data will be erased once supply to the storage device
is turned off. RAM stores data randomly and the processor
accesses these data randomly from the RAM storage. RAM is
considered "random access" because you can access any
memory cell directly if you know the row and column that
intersect at that cell.
 ROM (Read Only Memory): ROM is a permanent form of
storage. ROM stays active regardless of whether power supply
to it is turned on or off. ROM devices do not allow data stored on
them to be modified.
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 Hardware
Secondary Memory:-
 Stores data and programs permanently :its
retained after the power is turned off
1. Hard drive (HD): A hard disk is part of a unit,
often called a "disk drive," "hard drive," or
"hard disk drive," that store and provides
relatively quick access to large amounts of
data on an electromagnetically charged
surface or set of surfaces.

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 Hardware
 Secondary Memory:-
2. Optical Disk: an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses
laser light as part of the process of reading or writing data to or
from optical discs. Some drives can only read from discs, but
recent drives are commonly both readers and recorders, also
called burners or writers. Compact discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs
are common types of optical media which can be read and
recorded by such drives. Optical drive is the generic name; drives
are usually described as "CD" "DVD", or "Bluray", followed by
"drive", "writer", etc. There are three main types of optical media:
CD, DVD, and Blu-ray disc. CDs can store up to 700 megabytes
(MB) of data and DVDs can store up to 8.4 GB of data. Blu-ray
discs, which are the newest type of optical media, can store up to
50 GB of data. This storage capacity is a clear advantage over the
floppy disk storage media (a magnetic media), which only has a
capacity of 1.44 MB.
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 Hardware
Secondary Memory:-
3. Flash Disk: A storage module made of
flash memory chips. A Flash disks have
no mechanical platters or access arms,
but the term "disk" is used because the
data are accessed as if they were on a
hard drive. The disk storage structure is
emulated.

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 Hardware
Output devices
 An output device is any piece of computer
hardware equipment used to communicate
the results of data processing carried out by
an information processing system (such as a
computer) which converts the electronically
generated information into human- readable
form.

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 Hardware
Output devices

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 Unit of Measurements

Storage measurements: The basic unit used

in computer data storage is called a bit (binary digit).
Computers use these little bits, which are composed
of ones and zeros, to do things and talk to other
computers. All your files, for instance, are kept in the
computer as binary files and translated into words
and pictures by the software (which is also ones and
zeros). This two number system, is called a “binary
number system” since it has only two numbers in it.
The decimal number system in contrast has ten
unique digits, zero through nine.

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 Unit of Measurements

Storage measurements:
Computer Storage units
Bit BIT 0 or 1

Kilobyte KB 1024 bytes

Megabyte MB 1024 kilobytes

Gigabyte GB 1024 megabytes

Terabyte TB 1024 gigabytes

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 Unit of Measurements

Speed measurement: The speed of Central

Processing Unit (CPU) is measured by Hertz
(Hz), Which represent a CPU cycle. The speed
of CPU is known as Computer Speed.
CPU SPEED MEASURES

1 hertz or Hz 1 cycle per second

1 MHz 1 million cycles per second or 1000 Hz

1 GHz 1 billion cycles per second or 1000 MHz

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 Computers classification
 Computers can be generally classified by size and power
as follows, though there is Considerable overlap:
 Personal computer:
 A small, single-user computer based on a
microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a
personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a
monitor for displaying information, and a storage device
for saving data.
 A personal computer (PC) is a computer that can
perform all of its input, processing, output, and storage
activities by itself And is intended to be used by one
person at a time. Most personal computers today also
can Communicate with other computers and devices.

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 Computers classification
 Personal computer:
 Types of personal computers include laptops,
tablets, and desktops, with the first two
sometimes called mobile computers. A mobile
computer is a portable personal computer,
designed so that a user can carry it from
place to place. A user is anyone who interacts
with a computer or mobile device, or utilizes
the information it generates.

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 Computers classification
 Personal computer:
 A laptop, also called a notebook computer, is a thin,
lightweight mobile computer with A screen in its lid
and a keyboard in its base. Designed to fit on your lap
and For easy transport, most laptops weigh up to 7
pounds (varying by manufacturer and specifications).
A laptop that is less than one inch thick and weighs
about three pounds or less sometimes is referred to
as an ultrathin laptop. Most laptops can operate on
batteries or a power supply or both.

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 Computers classification
 Personal computer:
 A laptop

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 Computers classification

 workstation : A powerful, single-user computer.

A workstation is like a personal computer, but it
has a more powerful microprocessor and a
higher-quality monitor.

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 Computers classification
 Mainframe : A powerful multi-user computer capable of
supporting many hundreds or thousands of users
simultaneously.

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 Computers classification
 supercomputer : An extremely fast computer that can
perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.

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 Computers classification
 Netbook: A netbook is a type of laptop that is designed
to be even more portable. Netbooks are often cheaper
than laptops or desktops. They are generally less
powerful than other types of computers, but they provide
enough power for email and internet access, which is
where the name "netbook" comes from.
 Mobile Device: A mobile device is basically any
handheld computer. It is designed to be extremely
portable, often fitting in the palm of your hand or in your
pocket. Some mobile devices are more powerful, and
they allow you to do many of the same things you can do
with a desktop or laptop computer. These include tablet
computers, e-readers, and smartphones.
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 Computers classification
 Tablet Computers: Like laptops, tablet computers are designed to be
portable. However, they provide a very different computing experience.
The most obvious difference is that tablet computers don't have
keyboards or touchpads. Instead, the entire screen is touch-sensitive,
allowing you to type on a virtual keyboard and use your finger as a
mouse pointer. Tablet computers are mostly designed for consuming
media, and they are optimized for tasks like web browsing, watching
videos, reading e-books, and playing games. For many people, a
"regular" computer like a desktop or laptop is still needed in order to use
some programs. However, the convenience of a tablet computer means
that it may be ideal as a second computer.
 Smartphones: A smartphone is a powerful mobile phone that is
designed to run a variety of applications in addition to phone service.
They are basically small tablet computers, and they can be used for
web browsing, watching videos, reading e-books, playing games and
more.

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 Characteristics of Computer

 Speed, accuracy, diligence, storage capability and

versatility are some of the key characteristics of a
computer. A brief overview of these characteristics are:
 Speed: The computer can process data very fast, at
the rate of millions of instructions per second. Some
calculations that would have taken hours and days to
complete otherwise, can be completed in a few
seconds using the computer. For example, calculation
and generation of salary slips of thousands of
employees of an organization, weather forecasting
that requires analysis of a large amount of data
related to temperature, pressure and humidity of
various places, etc.
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 Characteristics of Computer

 Speed, accuracy, diligence, storage capability and

versatility are some of the key characteristics of a
computer. A brief overview of these characteristics are:
 Accuracy: Computer provides a high degree of
accuracy. For example, the computer can accurately
give the result of division of any two numbers up to 10
decimal places.
 Diligence: When used for a longer period of time, the
computer does not get tired or fatigued. It can perform
long and complex calculations with the same speed
and accuracy from the start till the end.

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 Characteristics of Computer

 Speed, accuracy, diligence, storage capability and

versatility are some of the key characteristics of a
computer. A brief overview of these characteristics are:
 Storage Capability: Large volumes of data and information can be
stored in the computer and also retrieved whenever required. A limited
amount of data can be stored, temporarily, in the primary memory.
Secondary storage devices like floppy disk and compact disk can store
a large amount of data permanently.
 Versatility: Computer is versatile in nature. It can perform different types
of tasks with the same ease. At one moment you can use the computer
to prepare a letter document and in the next moment you may play
music or print a document. Computers have several limitations too.
Computer can only perform tasks that it has been programmed to do.
 Computer cannot do any work without instructions from the user. It
executes instructions as specified by the user and does not take its
own decisions.
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 Advantages of Using Computer

Now that we know the characteristics of

computers, we can see the advantages
that computers offer−
 Computers can do the same task repetitively
with same accuracy.
 Computers do not get tired or bored.
 Computers can take up routine tasks while
releasing human resource for more intelligent
functions.

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 Disadvantages of Using Computer

Despite so many advantages, computers

have some disadvantages of their own −
 Computers have no intelligence; they follow
the instructions blindly without considering the
outcome.
 Regular electric supply is necessary to make
computers work, which could prove difficult
everywhere especially in developing nations

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