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markosniguse1
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Chapter 1

Signals and Signal Processing


Outline
•Signals
• Signal Processing
• Characterization and Classification of Signals
• Typical Signal Processing Operations
• Some Application Areas of DSP
Signals
 Time varying measurable quantity whose variation normally
conveys information.
 It is a function of one or more independent variables that
conveys information.

Examples :
 Sound -Air pressure variation at a point as a function of time
and point in space.
 Images -Black and white picture is a representation of light
intensity as a function of two spatial coordinates.
 Video signals consists of sequence of images called frames is a
function of three variables (two spatial coordinates and time).
Cont.
We have different types of signals
Continuous time signal:
• It is a signal which is defined at each and every instant of time.
•The signal amplitude is continuous
•It is denoted by x(t)
•Examples of analogue signals appearing in nature,
 Electrical signals : voltages, currents, fields
 Acoustic signals: mechanical vibrations,
sound waves
 Mechanical signals: displacements, velocities
Cont.
Discrete time signal:
• It is a signal which is defined only at discrete time instances.
• The signal amplitude may be either continuous or discrete.
• These signals may arise by sampling a continuous signal or they may be
generated directly by some discrete time process.
• It is denoted by x[n] or x(n)
Digital signal:
• Digital signals are those for which both time and amplitude are discrete
• These signals are quantized form of discrete time signals
Signal Processing
• A signal carries information and the objective of signal processing
is to extract the useful information carried by the signal.
 is concerned with mathematical representation of signals and the
algorithmic operations carried out on it to extract the
information.
 Modify a signal to extract /enhance/ rearrange the information.

Examples: Noise reduction, Data compression


Cont.
• Analog signals “processed” using circuits consisting of resistors,
capacitors, inductors, transistors and operational amplifiers.
•Digital signals “processed” using programmed computers,
microcomputers or special purpose digital hardware.
•Analog signal processing may include:
 Linear : amplification, filtering
 Nonlinear: squaring, rectification, inversion
Cont.
• Limitations of practical analog processing:
 Restricted accuracy
 Sensitivity to noise
 High cost of data storage
 Limited speed of operation
 Problems in implementing time synchronized operations.
Cont.
• Advantages of DSP:
 Digital data storage and transmission is much more
effective than in the analog form
 Flexibility : Processing functions can be altered or
adjusted.
 Signal multiplexing
 Efficient implementation of fast algorithms.
Cont.
• DSP Operations:
 Converting analog signals into digital (usually) binary sequence
 Performing all signal operations in the digital form.
Typical DSP Schematic

Analog Analog DSP Analog Analog


ADC DAC
Filter Processor Filter

I/P O/P
Cont.
Digital Signal Processing is used in several areas including the
following
 Telecommunications Speech processing
 Image processing
 Consumer electronics
 Biomedical systems
 Military electronics
 Industrial electronics
Characterization and classification of Signals
• Depending on the nature of the independent variables
and value of the function defining the signal varies
types of signals can be defined:
I. Continuous-time signals:
 Independent variable is continuous and continuous
time signal is defined at every instant of the time.
Example: 5sin (62.82t): sine wave of frequency 62.82
rad/sec (10Hz)
II. Discrete-time signals:
 Exists only at discrete points in time.
Continued ….
III. Analogue signal:
 A continuous-time signal with continuous amplitude

IV. Digital signal:


 A discrete-time signals with discrete-valued
amplitudes represented by finite number of digits.
 A discrete-time signals with continuous-valued
amplitude is called a sampled data signal
Continued ….
• Dimensionality:
1-D Signals:
 A function of single independent variable (e.g.
speech signal)
2-D Signals:
 A function of two independent variables. (e.g.
image signals)
Multidimensional (M-D) signals:
 A function of more than one independent variable
Continued …
A single source signals:
 Scalar signals
A multiple source signals:
 Vector signals or multichannel signals
 u(t) : represents a continuous time 1-D signal
 u[n] : represents a discrete-time 1-D signal
 u(x,y,t)=
 Represents a 3-D signals; x & y are spatial
variables and t is temporal.
Continued …
•Deterministic signal:
 A signal that can be uniquely determined by a
well-defined process such as mathematical
expression or rule.

•Random signal:
 A signal that is generated in a random fashion
and can’t be predicted a head of time.
Continued …
Typical Signal processing operations
• For analog signals most of the signal processing
operations are usually carried out in time-domain.
•For discrete-time signals both time-domain and
frequency-domain operations are employed
 Scaling : y(t) = α x(t)
 Delay : y(t) = x()
 Addition : y(t) =
 Product : y(t) = *
Some Application areas of DSP
• Music : recording, playback, mixing, synthesis, storage (e.g. CD-
players, sampling rate 44.1kHz, 16 bits/sample)
• Speech : recognition, synthesis : (e.g. Automatic speaker,
telephone speech : 8kHz sample rate)
• Communications and multimedia :
 Signal generation, storage, transmission
• Radar : filtering, detection, feature extraction, localization,
tracking, identification
 Example: air-traffic control
• Image processing :
 2-D filtering, enhancements, compression
Example: satellite images
Biomedicine : diagnosis
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