Peak Detector

Definition: Peak detector circuits are used to determine the peak (maximum) value of an input signal. It
stores the peak value of input voltages for infinite time duration until it comes to reset condition. The peak
detector circuit utilizes its property of following the highest value of an input signal and storing it.
Peak Detector
Definition: Peak detector circuits are used to determine the peak (maximum) value of an input signal. It
stores the peak value of input voltages for infinite time duration until it comes to reset condition. The peak
detector circuit utilizes its property of following the highest value of an input signal and storing it.
 Usually, the peak of non-sinusoidal waveforms is measured using a peak detector. As traditional ac voltmeter
cannot measure the peak of such signals.
Peak Detector
Definition: Peak detector circuits are used to determine the peak (maximum) value of an input signal. It
stores the peak value of input voltages for infinite time duration until it comes to reset condition. The peak
detector circuit utilizes its property of following the highest value of an input signal and storing it.
 Usually, the peak of non-sinusoidal waveforms is measured using a peak detector. As traditional ac voltmeter
cannot measure the peak of such signals.

Circuit Working of Peak detector

Peak Detector
Definition: Peak detector circuits are used to determine the peak (maximum) value of an input signal. It
stores the peak value of input voltages for infinite time duration until it comes to reset condition. The peak
detector circuit utilizes its property of following the highest value of an input signal and storing it.
 Usually, the peak of non-sinusoidal waveforms is measured using a peak detector. As traditional ac voltmeter
cannot measure the peak of such signals.

Circuit Working of Peak detector

The working principle of the circuit is such that, the peak

of the input waveform is followed and stored in terms of
voltage in the capacitor.
By the time on moving further, if the circuit detects a
higher peak, the new peak value is stored in the capacitor
until it is discharged.
The capacitor employed in the circuit is charged through
the diode by the applied input signal. The small voltage
drop across the diode is ignored and the capacitor is
charged up to the highest peak of the applied input signal.
Peak Detector
Definition: Peak detector circuits are used to determine the peak (maximum) value of an input signal. It
stores the peak value of input voltages for infinite time duration until it comes to reset condition. The peak
detector circuit utilizes its property of following the highest value of an input signal and storing it.
 Usually, the peak of non-sinusoidal waveforms is measured using a peak detector. As traditional ac voltmeter
cannot measure the peak of such signals.

Circuit Working of Peak detector

Let us consider initially the capacitor is charged to

voltage Vc. The diode employed in the circuit gets forward
biased when the applied input voltage Vin exceeds the
capacitor voltage Vc. Thereby allowing the circuit to
behave as a voltage follower. The output voltage follows
the applied input voltage until Vin is more than Vc.
As the input voltage Vin reduces below the value of
capacitive voltage Vc, it causes the diode to get reverse
biased. In such condition, the capacitor retains the value
until the input again exceeds the value stored in the
capacitor.
Peak Detector
Definition: Peak detector circuits are used to determine the peak (maximum) value of an input signal. It
stores the peak value of input voltages for infinite time duration until it comes to reset condition. The peak
detector circuit utilizes its property of following the highest value of an input signal and storing it.
 Usually, the peak of non-sinusoidal waveforms is measured using a peak detector. As traditional ac voltmeter
cannot measure the peak of such signals.

Circuit Working of Peak detector

Applications of Peak detector
1.It is used in the analysis of spectral and mass spectrometer.
2.Peak detector finds its application in destructive testing.
3.It is used for instrumentation measurement, mostly in amplitude modulated wave communication.
4.It widely finds applications in sound measuring instruments.
Absolute Value Circuit

• This means that the output of this circuit swings in the positive range only,
whatever the polarity of the input signal is.

When an AC input signal Vin is in the positive cycle, D2 is off, causing the inverting
input to be isolated from Vin. With D1 'on', and with the voltage drops across D1
and D3 being equal, and with the voltage levels at the two inputs of the op-amp
being equal, Vo becomes equal to Vin. This is because the resistor network
between Vo to ground and that between Vin and ground are identical. In short,
when the input voltage is swinging positively, the output is just equal to it.

When an AC input signal Vin is in the negative cycle, D1 is off, causing the non-
inverting input to be isolated from Vin. With D2 'on', and with the voltage drops
across D2 and D3 being equal, and with the voltage levels at the two inputs of the
op-amp being equal (both are at 0 V), the current from the output is equal to the
current into the input. These equal currents in opposite directions through
identical paths means that Vo = -Vin. Since Vin is negative, Vo is positive. In short,
when the input voltage is swinging negatively, the output is just its positive copy.

Needless to say, this circuit may be used as a full-wave rectifier for sinusoidal
inputs.
Zero Crossing Detector
Definition: An op-amp detector that has the ability to detect the change from positive to negative or negative to a
positive level of a sinusoidal waveform is known as a zero crossing detector. More specifically, we can say that it
detects the zero crossing of the applied ac signal.
Zero Crossing Detector
Definition: An op-amp detector that has the ability to detect the change from positive to negative or negative to a
positive level of a sinusoidal waveform is known as a zero crossing detector. More specifically, we can say that it
detects the zero crossing of the applied ac signal.
 It is basically a voltage comparator whose output changes when the input signal crosses the zero of the
reference voltage level.
square wave generator
Zero Crossing Detector
Definition: An op-amp detector that has the ability to detect the change from positive to negative or negative to a
positive level of a sinusoidal waveform is known as a zero crossing detector. More specifically, we can say that it
detects the zero crossing of the applied ac signal.
 It is basically a voltage comparator whose output changes when the input signal crosses the zero of the
reference voltage level.
square wave generator
Working of Zero Crossing Detector
As we have already mentioned that the reference level is set at
0 and applied at the non-inverting terminal of the op-amp. The
sine wave applied at the inverting terminal of the op-amp is
compared with the reference level each time the phase of the
wave changes either from positive to negative or negative to
positive.

In the zero crossing detector protection diodes are

used to prevent the op-amp from the high input
gain, because here we use direct input voltage, as
there is no feedback connection
Zero Crossing Detector
Definition: An op-amp detector that has the ability to detect the change from positive to negative or negative to a
positive level of a sinusoidal waveform is known as a zero crossing detector. More specifically, we can say that it
detects the zero crossing of the applied ac signal.
 It is basically a voltage comparator whose output changes when the input signal crosses the zero of the
reference voltage level.
square wave generator
Working of Zero Crossing Detector
Firstly, when positive half of the sinusoidal signal appears at the
input. Then the op-amp comparator compares the reference
voltage level with the peak level of the applied signal

And we know the reference level is 0, thus

So, we will have

Secondly, in case of the negative half of the sinusoidal signal, the op-amp comparator again
compares the reference voltage level with the peak of the applied signal.
Zero Crossing Detector
Definition: An op-amp detector that has the ability to detect the change from positive to negative or negative to a
positive level of a sinusoidal waveform is known as a zero crossing detector. More specifically, we can say that it
detects the zero crossing of the applied ac signal.
 It is basically a voltage comparator whose output changes when the input signal crosses the zero of the
reference voltage level.
square wave generator
Working of Zero Crossing Detector
Firstly, when positive half of the sinusoidal signal appears at the
input. Then the op-amp comparator compares the reference
voltage level with the peak level of the applied signal
As this time the circuit is dealing with negative half of the signal, thus the peak will have a negative polarity.
Again

Thus,

So, we get

In this way, the zero crossing detector detects the change in the level of the applied signal.
Input and Output Waveform
From the beginning, we are mentioning that a zero
crossing detector is also known to be a square wave
generator. As the output of the window comparator is
nothing but a square wave.
Filters are electronic circuits that allow certain frequency components and / or reject some other

Types of Active Filters

Active filters are the electronic circuits, which consist of active element like op-amp(s) along with
passive elements like resistor(s) and capacitor(s).
Active filters are mainly classified into the following four types based on the band of frequencies
that they are allowing and / or rejecting −
•Active Low Pass Filter
•Active High Pass Filter
•Active Band Pass Filter
•Active Band Stop Filter
Filters are electronic circuits that allow certain frequency components and / or reject some other

Types of Active Filters

Active filters are the electronic circuits, which consist of active element like op-amp(s) along with
passive elements like resistor(s) and capacitor(s).
Active filters are mainly classified into the following four types based on the band of frequencies
that they are allowing and / or rejecting −
•Active Low Pass Filter
•Active High Pass Filter
•Active Band Pass Filter
•Active Band Stop Filter

Active Low Pass Filter

If an active filter allows (passes)
only low frequency components and
rejects (blocks) all other high
frequency components, then it is
called as an active low pass filter.
Electric network, which is connected to the non-
inverting terminal of an op-amp is a passive low
pass filter. So, the input of a non-inverting
terminal of an opamp is the output of a passive low
pass filter.
Electric network, which is connected to the non-
inverting terminal of an op-amp is a passive low
pass filter. So, the input of a non-inverting
terminal of an opamp is the output of a passive low
pass filter.
Active High Pass Filter
If an active filter allows (passes) only high frequency components and rejects (blocks) all other
low frequency components, then it is called an active high pass filter.
Active High Pass Filter
If an active filter allows (passes) only high frequency components and rejects (blocks) all other
low frequency components, then it is called an active high pass filter.

electric network, which is connected to the non-

inverting terminal of an op-amp is a passive high
pass filter. So, the input of a non-inverting terminal
of opamp is the output of passive high pass filter.
Active High Pass Filter
If an active filter allows (passes) only high frequency components and rejects (blocks) all other
low frequency components, then it is called an active high pass filter.

Electric network, which is connected to the non-

inverting terminal of an op-amp is a passive high
pass filter. So, the input of a non-inverting terminal
of opamp is the output of passive high pass filter.
Roll-off is the steepness of a transfer function with frequency, particularly in
electrical network analysis, and most especially in connection with filter circuits in
the transition between a passband and a stopband.
Logarithmic Amplifier
A logarithmic amplifier, or a log amplifier, is an electronic circuit that produces an output that
is proportional to the logarithm of the applied input. This section discusses about the op-amp
based logarithmic amplifier in detail.

• An op-amp based logarithmic amplifier produces a voltage at the output, which is proportional
to the logarithm of the voltage applied to the resistor connected to its inverting terminal
Logarithmic Amplifier

In the above circuit, the non-inverting input terminal of the

op-amp is connected to ground. That means zero volts is
applied at the non-inverting input terminal of the op-amp.
According to the virtual short concept, the voltage at
the inverting input terminal of an op-amp will be equal to
the voltage at its non-inverting input terminal. So, the
voltage at the inverting input terminal will be zero volts.
Logarithmic Amplifier
Logarithmic Amplifier
Logarithmic Amplifier
Logarithmic Amplifier
Logarithmic Amplifier
Anti-Logarithmic Amplifier
An anti-logarithmic amplifier, or an anti-log amplifier, is an electronic circuit that produces an
output that is proportional to the anti-logarithm of the applied input

An op-amp based anti-logarithmic amplifier

produces a voltage at the output, which is
proportional to the anti-logarithm of the voltage
that is applied to the diode connected to its
inverting terminal.
 Anti-Logarithmic Amplifier
An anti-logarithmic amplifier, or an anti-log amplifier, is an electronic circuit that produces an
output that is proportional to the anti-logarithm of the applied input

An op-amp based anti-logarithmic amplifier

produces a voltage at the output, which is
proportional to the anti-logarithm of the voltage
that is applied to the diode connected to its
inverting terminal.

In the circuit shown above, the non-inverting input

terminal of the op-amp is connected to ground. It
means zero volts is applied to its non-inverting
input terminal.
According to the virtual short concept, the
voltage at the inverting input terminal of op-amp
will be equal to the voltage present at its non-
inverting input terminal. So, the voltage at its
inverting input terminal will be zero volts.
Anti-Logarithmic Amplifier
An anti-logarithmic amplifier, or an anti-log amplifier, is an electronic circuit that produces an
output that is proportional to the anti-logarithm of the applied input
Anti-Logarithmic Amplifier
An anti-logarithmic amplifier, or an anti-log amplifier, is an electronic circuit that produces an
output that is proportional to the anti-logarithm of the applied input
Anti-Logarithmic Amplifier
An anti-logarithmic amplifier, or an anti-log amplifier, is an electronic circuit that produces an
output that is proportional to the anti-logarithm of the applied input
Anti-Logarithmic Amplifier
An anti-logarithmic amplifier, or an anti-log amplifier, is an electronic circuit that produces an
output that is proportional to the anti-logarithm of the applied input