Understanding

Text Structures
What is a text structure?
A “structure” is a
building or
framework.

“Text structure”
refers to how a
piece of text is
built.
 What is a text structure?
Builders can use
different kinds of
structures to build
different things.

A skyscraper, for
example, is a different
kind of structure from a
house.
What is a text structure?

Writers use
different structures
to build their ideas.

Each text structure

communicates
ideas in a different
way
 Chronological order
Authors use
chronological
order to explain
how things
happen in order

Chronological order is
also called sequence Why might an author use
or time order chronological order to
write about this frog?
Chronological order
You will know that
you are reading a
text in
chronological
order because
you will see words
like first, next,
later, then, and
finally
 Chronological order

You will often see chronological order in

directions:
Have you ever made macaroni and cheese?
It’s simple! First, boil some water and make
some macaroni. Then, make your cheese
sauce. After the cheese sauce is ready, mix
it with the macaroni. Bake the entire thing
in the oven. Finally, it’s time to eat!
 Chronological order

Notice the transition words that connect the

events in these directions.
Have you ever made macaroni and cheese?
It’s simple! First, boil some water and make
some macaroni. Then, make your cheese
sauce. After the cheese sauce is ready, mix
it with the macaroni. Bake the entire thing
in the oven. Finally, it’s time to eat!
 Which paragraph is in
chronological order?
Pennsylvania has many Through the ages,
Pennsylvania has seen
historic sites. You can visit many interesting events.
Revolutionary war sites, like The state was founded in
Valley Forge. You can also 1681 by William Penn.
visit important locations Later, Pennsylvania was
the site of important
from the Civil War, like Revolutionary War battles.
Gettysburg. Finally, you can After that, Pennsylvania
also see the site of the first was home to new factories
oil well in Titusville. during the Industrial
Revolution. Today,
Pennsylvania has many neat Pennsylvania continues to
places to visit! make history.
 Which paragraph is in
chronological order?
Through the ages,
Pennsylvania has seen
This is the many interesting events.
The state was founded in
paragraph in 1681 by William Penn.
chronological Later, Pennsylvania was
the site of important
order. Can you Revolutionary War battles.
find the clue After that, Pennsylvania
words that was home to new factories
during the Industrial
show this Revolution. Today,
order? Pennsylvania continues to
make history.
 Which paragraph is in
chronological order?
Through the ages,
Pennsylvania has seen
This is the many interesting events.
The state was founded in
paragraph in 1681 by William Penn.
chronological Later, Pennsylvania was
the site of important
order. Can you Revolutionary War battles.
find the clue After that, Pennsylvania
words that was home to new factories
during the Industrial
show this Revolution. Today,
order? Pennsylvania continues to
make history.
 Think about it!

• What is text structure?

• What does chronological order
text structure mean?
• What are some clue words that
show chronological order?
Another text structure

• But what if an
author doesn’t
want to show how
something
happened in
sequence?
• The author would
need to use
another text
structure!
Compare and contrast
Suppose an author wanted to
explain how these two birds
are similar and different.

Chronological order
wouldn’t work---
there is no order of
events.
The author would
need to use
compare and
contrast.
Compare and contrast

The cardinal and the goldfinch

are two common birds. Both are
brightly colored. Both are
common at birdfeeders. But the
birds have some differences.
The male cardinal is a bright
red, while the male goldfinch is
yellow. Cardinals like shrubs
and trees, while goldfinches
prefer open meadows.
Compare and contrast clue
words
When authors use the
text structure of
compare and contrast,
they often use special
clue words to show this
text structure.

Can you find the clue

words in the
Can you find the clue words?

The cardinal and the goldfinch

are two common birds. Both are
brightly colored. Both are
common at birdfeeders. But the
birds have some differences.
The male cardinal is a bright
red, while the male goldfinch is
yellow. Cardinals like shrubs
and trees, while goldfinches
prefer open meadows.
Here they are!

The cardinal and the goldfinch

are two common birds. Both are
brightly colored. Both are
common at birdfeeders. But the
birds have some differences.
The male cardinal is a bright
red, while the male goldfinch is
yellow. Cardinals like shrubs
and trees, while goldfinches
prefer open meadows.
 Graphic Organizers

Goldfinch Cardinal
Both

Details from a text

written as compare and
contrast can be
organized as a Venn
diagram.
 Graphic Organizers
We can also use a chart
to show the details.

Goldfinch Cardinal
Colors

Habitat
 Graphic Organizers

• Can you explain the difference

between chronological order and
compare and contrast?
• How can clue words help you as a
reader?
 Another text structure
Sometimes, a writer wants to explain how
one event leads to another.

This kind of
text structure is
called cause
and effect.
 Cause and Effect
When authors write paragraphs to
show causes and effects, they use
words like cause, effect, as a
result, consequently, and so.
Can you find the clue words?
The night’s snowstorm had many
effects. People were out shoveling
snow from their sidewalks. The
power lines were draped with ice.
Snow plows drove down every
street. Children were the happiest
of all. The unexpected snow
caused school to be cancelled!
Can you find the clue words?
The night’s snowstorm had many
effects. People were out shoveling
snow from their sidewalks. The
power lines were draped with ice.
Snow plows drove down every
street. Children were the happiest
of all. The unexpected snow
caused school to be cancelled!
More with cause and effect
Baby painted turtles spend all winter in
their nests. They have special chemicals in
their blood that can keep their blood from
freezing. As a result, baby painted turtles
can survive freezing temperatures!
Can you find
the causes and
effects in this
paragraph?
More with cause and effect
Baby painted turtles spend all winter in
their nests. They have special chemicals in
their blood that can keep their blood from
freezing. As a result, baby painted turtles
can survive freezing temperatures!

This is the
cause.
More with cause and effect
Baby painted turtles spend all winter in
their nests. They have special chemicals in
their blood that can keep their blood from
freezing. As a result, baby painted turtles
can survive freezing temperatures!

This is the
effect.
 Review
Which text structure tells about how things
are similar and different?
Compare and contrast
How does the text
structure of
compare and
contrast relate to
these pictures of a
frog and a toad?
 Review
Which text structure explains how things
happen in time order?

Chronological Order

How do these
pictures relate to
chronological
order?
Problem and Solution Text Structure
Sometimes, an author
will want to explain a
problem, and then
show one or more
solutions.

This kind of text

structure is called
problem and solution.
 An example of problem and solution

Heavy rains can cause flooding

in small streams. For weather
forecasters and local authorities,
this flooding can be difficult to
predict. Fortunately, the United
States Geological Survey (USGS)
has more than 7,000 streamgages
that measure water flow. These
streamgages help scientists to
monitor water levels in good and
bad weather. What is the problem
in this paragraph?
 An example of problem and solution

Heavy rains can cause flooding

in small streams. For weather
forecasters and local authorities,
this flooding can be difficult to
predict. Fortunately, the United
States Geological Survey (USGS)
has more than 7,000 streamgages
that measure water flow. These
streamgages help scientists to
monitor water levels in good and
bad weather.
 An example of problem and solution

Heavy rains can cause flooding

in small streams. For weather
forecasters and local authorities,
this flooding can be difficult to
predict. Fortunately, the United
States Geological Survey (USGS)
has more than 7,000 streamgages
that measure water flow. These
streamgages help scientists to
monitor water levels in good and
bad weather. What is the solution
in this paragraph?
 An example of problem and solution

Heavy rains can cause flooding

in small streams. For weather
forecasters and local authorities,
this flooding can be difficult to
predict. Fortunately, the United
States Geological Survey (USGS)
has more than 7,000 streamgages
that measure water flow. These
streamgages help scientists to
monitor water levels in good and
bad weather.
Problem and Solution

Often, authors will

signal problem and
solution structure with
clue words like
problem and solution.
 Problem and Solution

Synonyms for
problem include
difficulty, struggle,
uncertainty, worry,
threat, and trouble

Synonyms for solution

include possibility, hope,
bright spot, answer, and
future
Can you find the problems and solutions?

Brown marmorated stinkbugs have caused

many problems since they were
accidentally introduced to North America.
They damage fruit, bother people, and
harm crops. Scientists are trying to find a
solution. One promising possibility is a
species of wasp that originally comes from
What is the Asia. This wasp is a predator of stinkbugs.
problem? Scientists hope that this wasp could solve
the stinkbug problem.
Can you find the problems and solutions?

Brown marmorated stinkbugs have caused

many problems since they were
accidentally introduced to North America.
They damage fruit, bother people, and
harm crops. Scientists are trying to find a
solution. One promising possibility is a
species of wasp that originally comes from
Asia. This wasp is a predator of stinkbugs.
Scientists hope that this wasp could solve
the stinkbug problem.
Can you find the problems and solutions?

Brown marmorated stinkbugs have caused

many problems since they were
accidentally introduced to North America.
They damage fruit, bother people, and
harm crops. Scientists are trying to find a
solution. One promising possibility is a
species of wasp that originally comes from
What is the Asia. This wasp is a predator of stinkbugs.
solution? Scientists hope that this wasp could solve
the stinkbug problem.
Can you find the problems and solutions?

Brown marmorated stinkbugs have caused

many problems since they were
accidentally introduced to North America.
They damage fruit, bother people, and
harm crops. Scientists are trying to find a
solution. One promising possibility is a
species of wasp that originally comes from
Asia. This wasp is a predator of stinkbugs.
Scientists hope that this wasp could solve
the stinkbug problem.
 Text structures we’ve
learned so far

• Chronological order
• Compare and contrast
• Cause and effect
• Problem and solution
 Match the clue words!
Can you figure out the text structure that these clue
words point to?

however, on the other

hand, similarity, like,
unlike
Compare and
contrast
 Description

This text structure is

used to describe a
location, idea, or
event.
Description
The pond was a beautiful
place to visit. The falling
leaves, all different colors,
decorated the surface of the
water. At the edges of the
pond, small wildflowers
grew. The golden forest
glowed faintly in the distance.
Description
Main idea

The pond was a beautiful

place to visit. The falling
leaves, all different colors,
decorated the surface of the
water. At the edges of the
pond, small wildflowers
grew. The golden forest
glowed faintly in the distance.
 Description
Main idea

The pond was a beautiful

place to visit. The falling
leaves, all different colors,
decorated the surface of the
water. At the edges of the
pond, small wildflowers
All of the other sentences grew. The golden forest
support the main idea glowed faintly in the distance.
and describe the pond.
 Description
Clue words in these
paragraphs may
include:

One reason, another

reason, and for
example
 Description
These paragraphs may
also include spatial
order words to show
how details relate to
each other:

next to, by, along, in,

above, and so forth
 PAIR
ACTIVITY
 Match the clue words!
Can you figure out the text structure that these clue
words point to?

as a result,
consequently, Cause and
therefore, so, cause, effect
effect
 Match the clue words!
Can you figure out the text structure that these clue
words point to?

problem, solution,
threat, difficulty, hope,
answer, possibility

Problem and
solution
On the next few slides,
you will read some
paragraphs about the
Great Chicago Fire.

Your task is to identify

the text structure for
each one.
 What’s the text structure?
Daniel Sullivan was the first to
• Chronological notice the flames coming from the
order O’Leary barn at around 8:30 pm on
October 8. A problem with the alarm
• Compare and box made it impossible for the people
contrast in the area to call for the fire
• Cause and department. By 9:30 pm, the entire
block was blazing. In another 3 hours,
effect there were fires all over Chicago. The
• Problem and heavy wind coming from the lake
solution only made the fire bigger. It would be
another day before the fire would be
• Description completely out. By that time, 17,500
buildings had been burned.
 What’s the text structure?
Daniel Sullivan was the first to
• Chronological notice the flames coming from the
order O’Leary barn at around 8:30 pm on
October 8. A problem with the alarm
• Compare and box made it impossible for the people
contrast in the area to call for the fire
department. By 9:30 pm, the entire
block was blazing. In another 3 hours,
• Problem and there were fires all over Chicago. The
solution heavy wind coming from the lake
only made the fire bigger. It would be
another day before the fire would be
completely out. By that time, 17,500
buildings had been burned.
 What’s the text structure?
Daniel Sullivan was the first to
• Chronological notice the flames coming from the
order O’Leary barn at around 8:30 pm on
October 8. A problem with the alarm
box made it impossible for the people
in the area to call for the fire
department. By 9:30 pm, the entire
block was blazing. In another 3 hours,
there were fires all over Chicago. The
heavy wind coming from the lake
only made the fire bigger. It would be
another day before the fire would be
completely out. By that time, 17,500
buildings had been burned.
 What are the clues used in the
text?
Daniel Sullivan was the first to
• Chronological notice the flames coming from the
order O’Leary barn at around 8:30 pm on
October 8. A problem with the alarm
box made it impossible for the people
in the area to call for the fire
department. By 9:30 pm, the entire
block was blazing. In another 3 hours,
there were fires all over Chicago. The
heavy wind coming from the lake
only made the fire bigger. It would be
another day before the fire would be
completely out. By that time, 17,500
buildings had been burned.
 What are the clues used in the
text?
Daniel Sullivan was the first to
• Chronological notice the flames coming from the
order O’Leary barn at around 8:30 pm on
October 8. A problem with the alarm
box made it impossible for the people
in the area to call for the fire
department. By 9:30 pm, the entire
block was blazing. In another 3 hours,
there were fires all over Chicago. The
heavy wind coming from the lake
only made the fire bigger. It would be
another day before the fire would be
completely out. By that time, 17,500
buildings had been burned.
 What’s the text structure?
Daniel Sullivan was the first to
• Chronological notice the flames coming from the
order O’Leary barn at around 8:30 pm on
October 8. A problem with the alarm
box made it impossible for the people
• Notice how in the area to call for the fire
the paragraph department. By 9:30 pm, the entire
block was blazing. In another 3 hours,
shows how there were fires all over Chicago. The
events happen heavy wind coming from the lake
in time order only made the fire bigger. It would be
another day before the fire would be
completely out. By that time, 17,500
buildings had been burned.
 What’s the text structure?
Daniel Sullivan was the first to
Understanding notice the flames coming from the
that this text is O’Leary barn at around 8:30 pm on
written in October 8. A problem with the alarm
chronological box made it impossible for the people
order can help in the area to call for the fire
department. By 9:30 pm, the entire
you to
block was blazing. In another 3 hours,
understand there were fires all over Chicago. The
how the Great heavy wind coming from the lake
Fire started. only made the fire bigger. It would be
another day before the fire would be
completely out. By that time, 17,500
buildings had been burned.
 Try another!
• Chronological Why was the Great Chicago Fire so
disastrous? After all, Chicago had
order fire departments and fire alarms.
• Compare and One reason for the terrible fire is
that the alarm malfunctioned. The
contrast local fire company noticed the fire
• Cause and by accident as it was returning from
another fire. As another problem, a
effect watchman who saw the flames
• Problem and directed other fire companies to a
location that was nearly a mile
solution away from the fire. Because of
• Description these two problems, a fire that
could have been controlled rapidly
spread across the city.
 Try another!
Why was the Great Chicago Fire so
disastrous? After all, Chicago had
• Compare and fire departments and fire alarms.
contrast One reason for the terrible fire is
that the alarm malfunctioned. The
• Cause and local fire company noticed the fire
effect by accident as it was returning from
another fire. As another problem, a
• Problem and watchman who saw the flames
solution directed other fire companies to a
location that was nearly a mile
away from the fire. Because of
these two problems, a fire that
could have been controlled rapidly
spread across the city.
 Try another!
Why was the Great Chicago Fire so
disastrous? After all, Chicago had
fire departments and fire alarms.
• Cause and One reason for the terrible fire is
that the alarm malfunctioned. The
effect local fire company noticed the fire
by accident as it was returning from
another fire. As another problem, a
watchman who saw the flames
directed other fire companies to a
location that was nearly a mile
away from the fire. Because of
these two problems, a fire that
could have been controlled rapidly
spread across the city.
 What is/are the causes and the
effect in the paragraph?
Why was the Great Chicago Fire so
disastrous? After all, Chicago had
fire departments and fire alarms.
• Cause and One reason for the terrible fire is
that the alarm malfunctioned. The
effect local fire company noticed the fire
by accident as it was returning from
another fire. As another problem, a
watchman who saw the flames
directed other fire companies to a
location that was nearly a mile
away from the fire. Because of
these two problems, a fire that
could have been controlled rapidly
spread across the city.
 Try another!
Why was the Great Chicago Fire so
disastrous? After all, Chicago had
fire departments and fire alarms.
• Cause and One reason for the terrible fire is
that the alarm malfunctioned. The
effect local fire company noticed the fire
• Notice how by accident as it was returning from
another fire. As another problem, a
the causes (in watchman who saw the flames
blue) lead to directed other fire companies to a
location that was nearly a mile
the effect (in away from the fire. Because of
yellow) these two problems, a fire that
could have been controlled rapidly
spread across the city.
 What text structure is here?
After the fire, thousands of people
• Chronological were left homeless. Many escaped
the fire with nothing except the
order clothes on their backs. Providing all
• Compare and of these people with food, clean
contrast water, and shelter was a huge task.
Luckily, the city quickly formed a
• Cause and effect Relief and Aid Society. This group
• Problem and started giving out the food
donations that were pouring in from
solution
other cities. The society built places
• Description for people to live, gathered the
tools that people needed to rebuild
their houses, and even vaccinated
64,000 people against smallpox.
 What text structure is here?
After the fire, thousands of people
• Chronological were left homeless. Many escaped
the fire with nothing except the
order clothes on their backs. Providing all
of these people with food, clean
water, and shelter was a huge task.
• Cause and effect Luckily, the city quickly formed a
• Problem and Relief and Aid Society. This group
solution started giving out the food
donations that were pouring in from
other cities. The society built places
for people to live, gathered the
tools that people needed to rebuild
their houses, and even vaccinated
64,000 people against smallpox.
 What text structure is here?
After the fire, thousands of people
were left homeless. Many escaped
the fire with nothing except the
• Problem and clothes on their backs. Providing all
solution of these people with food, clean
water, and shelter was a huge task.
Luckily, the city quickly formed a
Relief and Aid Society. This group
started giving out the food
donations that were pouring in from
other cities. The society built places
for people to live, gathered the
tools that people needed to rebuild
their houses, and even vaccinated
64,000 people against smallpox.
What is the problem in the text?
After the fire, thousands of people
were left homeless. Many escaped
the fire with nothing except the
• Problem and clothes on their backs. Providing all
solution of these people with food, clean
water, and shelter was a huge task.
Luckily, the city quickly formed a
Relief and Aid Society. This group
started giving out the food
donations that were pouring in from
other cities. The society built places
for people to live, gathered the
tools that people needed to rebuild
their houses, and even vaccinated
64,000 people against smallpox.
 What text structure is here?
After the fire, thousands of people
were left homeless. Many escaped
the fire with nothing except the
• Problem and clothes on their backs. Providing all
solution of these people with food, clean
water, and shelter was a huge task.
Luckily, the city quickly formed a
• Here is the Relief and Aid Society. This group
problem started giving out the food
donations that were pouring in from
other cities. The society built places
for people to live, gathered the
tools that people needed to rebuild
their houses, and even vaccinated
64,000 people against smallpox.
 What is the effect in the text?
After the fire, thousands of people
were left homeless. Many escaped
the fire with nothing except the
• Problem and clothes on their backs. Providing all
solution of these people with food, clean
water, and shelter was a huge task.
Luckily, the city quickly formed a
Relief and Aid Society. This group
started giving out the food
donations that were pouring in from
other cities. The society built places
for people to live, gathered the
tools that people needed to rebuild
their houses, and even vaccinated
64,000 people against smallpox.
 What text structure is here?
After the fire, thousands of people
were left homeless. Many escaped
the fire with nothing except the
• Problem and clothes on their backs. Providing all
solution of these people with food, clean
water, and shelter was a huge task.
Luckily, the city quickly formed a
• Here is the Relief and Aid Society. This group
solution started giving out the food
donations that were pouring in from
other cities. The society built places
for people to live, gathered the
tools that people needed to rebuild
their houses, and even vaccinated
64,000 people against smallpox.
 Can you find the text structure?
Chicago changed in many ways after
• Chronological the fire. Before the fire, most of the
buildings were less than five stories
order high. The buildings that were
• Compare and constructed after the fire, however,
contrast were some of the first skyscrapers in
the country. Before the fire, most of
• Cause and the houses were made of wood. After
effect the fire, people chose to build their
• Problem and houses out of stone or brick. There
were changes in where people lived,
solution as well. The poor people in the city
• Description lived close to the center of the city
before the fire. After the fire, they
moved into neighborhoods that were
farther away from the downtown area.
Can you find the text structure?
Chicago changed in many ways after
• Compare and the fire. Before the fire, most of the
buildings were less than five stories
contrast high. The buildings that were
• Cause and constructed after the fire, however,
effect were some of the first skyscrapers in
the country. Before the fire, most of
• Description the houses were made of wood. After
the fire, people chose to build their
houses out of stone or brick. There
were changes in where people lived,
as well. The poor people in the city
lived close to the center of the city
before the fire. After the fire, they
moved into neighborhoods that were
farther away from the downtown area.
Can you find the text structure?
Chicago changed in many ways after
• Compare and the fire. Before the fire, most of the
buildings were less than five stories
contrast high. The buildings that were
constructed after the fire, however,
were some of the first skyscrapers in
the country. Before the fire, most of
the houses were made of wood. After
the fire, people chose to build their
houses out of stone or brick. There
were changes in where people lived,
as well. The poor people in the city
lived close to the center of the city
before the fire. After the fire, they
moved into neighborhoods that were
farther away from the downtown area.
 Can you find the clue words in
the text?
Chicago changed in many ways after
• Compare and the fire. Before the fire, most of the
buildings were less than five stories
contrast high. The buildings that were
constructed after the fire, however,
were some of the first skyscrapers in
the country. Before the fire, most of
the houses were made of wood. After
the fire, people chose to build their
houses out of stone or brick. There
were changes in where people lived,
as well. The poor people in the city
lived close to the center of the city
before the fire. After the fire, they
moved into neighborhoods that were
farther away from the downtown area.
 Can you find the text structure?
Chicago changed in many ways after
• Compare and the fire. Before the fire, most of the
buildings were less than five stories
contrast high. The buildings that were
constructed after the fire, however,
were some of the first skyscrapers in
Notice how this the country. Before the fire, most of
paragraph is the houses were made of wood. After
comparing the fire, people chose to build their
Chicago houses out of stone or brick. There
were changes in where people lived,
BEFORE the as well. The poor people in the city
fire to Chicago lived close to the center of the city
AFTER the fire. before the fire. After the fire, they
moved into neighborhoods that were
farther away from the downtown area.
 Can you find the text structure?
Chicago changed in many ways after
• Compare and the fire. Before the fire, most of the
buildings were less than five stories
contrast high. The buildings that were
constructed after the fire, however,
were some of the first skyscrapers in
Notice how this the country. Before the fire, most of
paragraph is the houses were made of wood. After
comparing the fire, people chose to build their
Chicago houses out of stone or brick. There
were changes in where people lived,
BEFORE the as well. The poor people in the city
fire to Chicago lived close to the center of the city
AFTER the fire. before the fire. After the fire, they
moved into neighborhoods that were
farther away from the downtown area.
 One more paragraph!
By Monday night, the • Chronological
town of Chicago was order
burning. People described • Compare and
it as terrible, but amazing. contrast
The flames were brighter
• Cause and effect
than anything people had
ever seen. The harsh winds • Problem and
swept the fire across the solution
city with terrible speed. For • Description
many who watched, it was
a sight to remember for the
rest of their lives.
 One more paragraph!
By Monday night, the • Compare and
town of Chicago was contrast
burning. People described • Cause and effect
it as terrible, but amazing.
The flames were brighter
than anything people had • Description
ever seen. The harsh winds
swept the fire across the
city with terrible speed. For
many who watched, it was
a sight to remember for the
rest of their lives.
 One more paragraph!
By Monday night, the
town of Chicago was • Description
burning. People described
it as terrible, but amazing.
The flames were brighter
than anything people had
ever seen. The harsh winds
swept the fire across the
city with terrible speed. For
many who watched, it was
a sight to remember for the
rest of their lives.
What is the main idea of the text?
By Monday night, the
town of Chicago was • Description
burning. People described
it as terrible, but amazing.
The flames were brighter
than anything people had
ever seen. The harsh winds
swept the fire across the
city with terrible speed. For
many who watched, it was
a sight to remember for the
rest of their lives.
 One more paragraph!
By Monday night, the
town of Chicago was • Description
burning. People described
it as terrible, but amazing.
The flames were brighter • Notice the
than anything people had main idea that
ever seen. The harsh winds
swept the fire across the drives the
city with terrible speed. For description.
many who watched, it was
a sight to remember for the
rest of their lives.
Reflect on what you have learned

Which text structure

do you find most
interesting to read?
Why?
Reflect on what you have learned

Usually, authors use

many different text
structures in one text.
Can you explain an
example of how two
text structures could
work together?
Reflect on what you have learned

What other questions

do you have about
text structures?
Thank you!