Programming Fundamentals

Cs-111
(4 CrH = 3 Theory 1 Lab)
Lecture No. 07

Department of Computational Sciences

The University of Faisalabad (TUF)
Home-work
Home-work
Nested if Statement (The if-else Nested within the if Part)

if (expression-1)
statement1;
else
if (expression-2)
statement2;
else
statement3;
Chain if Statement (The if-else Nested within the else Part)

if (expression-1)
statement1;
else if (expression-2)
statement2;
else
statement3;
Selection Statements
Consider the following statements:
• if today is Thursday I have test today
• If you will run fast, u will catch the bus
• if x is dividable by 2 then x is even number
 if Statement
(Single Selection)
• If statement is used in c++ for selection purposes
• Structure of if statement is:
True(1) OR False(0)

if(condition)
statement;
 Example
• int main(){
• int num1,num2;
• cout<<"Enter two integers-->:";
• cin>>num1>>num2;
• if(num1==num2)
• cout<<num1<<" is equal to "<<num2<<endl;
• if(num1!=num2)
• cout<<num1<<" is not equal to "<<num2 <<endl;
• if(num1<num2)
• cout<<num1<<" is less than "<<num2 <<endl;
• if(num1>num2)
• cout<<num1<<" is greater "<<num2 <<endl;
• return 0;
• }
int main(){
int num1,num2;
cout<<"Enter two integers-->:";
cin>>num1>>num2;
if(num1==num2)
cout<<num1<<" is equal to
"<<num2<<endl;
if(num1!=num2)
cout<<num1<<" is not equal to "<<num2
<<endl;
if(num1<num2)
cout<<num1<<" is less than "<<num2
<<endl;
if(num1>num2)
cout<<num1<<" is greater "<<num2
<<endl;
return 0;
int main(){
int num1,num2;
cout<<"Enter two integers-->:";
cin>>num1>>num2;
if(num1==num2)
cout<<num1<<" is equal to
"<<num2<<endl;
if(num1!=num2)
cout<<num1<<" is not equal to "<<num2
<<endl;
if(num1<num2)
cout<<num1<<" is less than "<<num2
<<endl;
if(num1>num2)
cout<<num1<<" is greater "<<num2
<<endl;
return 0;
Problem

Prompt user to enter a value. Check if the number

is even then display a message that number is
even. If number if odd then display message
number is odd
int main( ) Example
{
int num;
cout<<"Enter a number --> ";
cin>>num;
if(num%2 == 0)
cout<<endl<<num<<": is an even number";
if(num%2 != 0)
cout<<endl<<num<<": is an odd number";
getch();
return 0;
}
Conditional Statements
(Double Selection)
• if today is Thursday I have test today else
we have match today
• If you will run fast, you will catch the bus
else you have to take a cab
• if x is dividable by 2 then x is even number
else x is odd
if-else Statement
• Used for double selection
• Syntax of if-else if as:
if(condition)
statement;
else
statement;
 Example
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
int num;
cout<<"Enter your grade --> ";
cin>>num;
if(num>= 50)
cout<<endl<<"Congraulations u r Passed \n";
else
cout<<"You are failed";
return 0;
}
Problem

Ask user to enter two numbers. Display

which number is greater between two
 Example
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int num1,num2;
cout<<"Enter first num --> ";
cin>>num1;
cout<<"Enter second num --> ";
cin>>num2;
if(num1 > num2)
cout<<endl<<num1<<": is greater \n";
else if (num2 > num1)
cout<<num2<<": is greater";
else
cout<<": both are equal";
return 0;
}
Using Character in Conditional
Statements
• Ask the user to enter a character among (A, B, OR C)
• Display following output messages:
• If he entered A : Display message “A FOR Apple”
• If he entered B : Display message “B FOR Balloon”
• If he entered C : Display message “A FOR Cartoon”
 Example
char a;
cout<<"Enter a Character (A, B, Or C)";
cin>>a;
if (a== 'A’)
cout<<"\n A FOR Apple ";
if (a== 'B’)
cout<<"\n B FOR Balloon ";
if (a== 'C’)
cout<<"\n A FOR Cartoon ";
 Code Flow
• In any programming language the flow of the
code can be of four types
1. Sequential
2. Selection
3. Repetition
4. Go to  Obsolete Style
 Code Flow
1. Sequential
2. Selection
- Single Selection(if)
- Double Selection (if-else, Ternary Operator )
-Multiple Selection (else-if, switch)
3. Repetition
- while Loop
- do-while Loop
-for Loop
Multiple Selection
(else-if)
• The structure of else if can be defined as:
if(condition)
statement;
else if(condition)
statement;
else if(condition)
statement;
……
else
statement;
#include<iostream> Example
using namespace std;
int main(){
int x;
cout<<"Please enter a number between 1 to three:";
cin>>x;
if(x==1)
cout<<"\n You will go to Heaven";
else if(x==2)
cout<<"\n You will go to Hell";
else if(x==3)
cout<<"\n You will remain on earth";
else
cout<<"You have enter some thing other than 1,2 ,3";
return 0;
switch(n){ Multiple Selection
case 1: (switch)
statement;
statement;
break;
case 2:
statement;
statement;
break;
….
default:
statement;
statement;
int main(){
Switch
int main(){
int x; int x;
cout<<"Please enter a number between 1 to cout<<"Please enter a number
three:"; between 1 to three:";
cin>>x; cin>>x;
switch (x){ if(x==1)
case 1: cout<<"\n You will go to Heaven";
cout<<"\n You will go to Heaven"; else if(x==2)
break; cout<<"\n You will go to Hell";
case 2: else if(x==3)
cout<<"\n You will go to Hell"; cout<<"\n You will remain on earth";
break; else
case 3: cout<<"You have enter some
cout<<"\n You will remain on earth"; thing other than 1,2 ,3";
break; return 0;
default: }
cout<<"You have enter some thing ";
}
return 0;
}
Two Number Calculator
• Ask the user to enter two number
• Then ask to enter the operator(+,-,\,*,%)
• Display the result
Logical Operators
• These operators are used to combine
multiple conditions
• Three logical operators are:
And  &&
Or  ||
Not  !
Problem
A bank gives loan in two situations
1. If customer is male and his age is more than
25 and his salary is more than 25000
2. If customer is a female and her age is more
than 30 and her income is 20000
Program: Ask user to enter age,gender(m\f) and
income.Check whether he\she is eligible to
get loan
Problem
int main( )
{
int age,income;
char gender;
cout<<"Please enter ur Age :";
cin>>age;
cout<<"\nPlease enter ur Income :";
cin>>income;
cout<<"\nPlease enter ur gender(m for male and f for
female) :";
cin>>gender;
Problem
if(age>25 && gender=='m' && income>25000)
cout<<"\n\n\n Sir,You can apply for Loan";
else if(age>30 && gender=='f'&& income>30000)
cout<<"\n\n\n Madam,You can apply for Loan!!!";
else
cout<<"\n\n\n You are not eligible for loan!!!";
return 0;
}
Ternary Operator(?:)
• Ternary operator exactly work as if-else
statement do
• Structure of ternary operator is:
• (condition ? statement : statement)
Operator Precedence &
Associativity