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for tutorial- sets

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SETS

What is a Set?
 A set is a well-defined collection of
distinct objects.
 The objects in a set are called the
elements or members of the set.
 Capital letters A,B,C,… usually
denote sets.
 Lowercase letters a,b,c,… denote
the elements of a set.
Examples
 The collection of the vowels in the word
“probability”.
 The collection of real numbers that
satisfy the equation x 2  9 .0
 The collection of two-digit positive
integers divisible by 5.
 The collection of great football players in
the National Football League.
 The collection of intelligent members of
the United States Congress.
probability
Roster Form of a Set
 The elements are listed in a row and
every element is separated by
comma.
 The Set A whose elements are
positive whole number less than 5
Write each set in roster form
 Set D contains all the unique letters
of the word MABUHAY.

 Set E consists of all positive


multiples of 5
Set-builder form of a set
 The elements of a set are described
by stating a property common
among in elements
 Set builder form of set C whose

elements are 11, 9, 7, 5,3 and 1 is


C= {c|c is an odd counting number
less than 12}
May not be unique
Write each set in set builder form
 F={2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19}

 G= {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9…}
The Cardinality of a Set
 Notation: n(A) or |H|

 For finite sets A, n(A) is the number


of elements of A.

 For infinite sets A, write n(A)=∞.


The cardinality of set c= the letters
in the English alphabet
Finite and Infinite Sets
 A finite set is one which can be
counted.
 Example: The set of two-digit
positive integers has 90 elements.
 An infinite set is one which cannot
be counted.
 Example: The set of integer
multiples of the number 5.
Determine whether finite or infinite
 Set K contains all multiples of 10
between 100 and 200.

 Set L consists of all fractions


between 0 and 1.
The Empty Set
 The set with no elements.
 Also called the null set.
 Denoted by the symbol 
 xample: The set of real numbers x
that satisfy the equation
x 2  1 0
Determine if this is an empty set
 Set S is a set of odd counting
number less than 0.
Subsets
 A is a subset of B if every element of A is
an element of B.
 Notation: A  B
 For each set A, A  A
 For each set B, Ø  B
 A is proper subset of B if A  B and A  B
Determine if each given set is a
subset of P= {s, t, a, r}
 Q= {a, r, t}

 R= {d,a,r,t}
Equality of Sets
 Two sets A and B are equal, denoted A=B,
if they have the same elements.
 Otherwise, A≠B.
 Example: The set A of odd positive
integers is not equal to the set B of prime
numbers.
 Example: The set of odd integers between
4 and 8 is equal to the set of prime
numbers between 4 and 8.
Determine if the given sets are
equal or not.
Power Set
 The power set of Z, written as
Is the set whose elements are all the
subsets of Z. The cardinality of the
power set of Z, denoted by
can be calculated by raising 2 to the
number of elements of Z.
Write the power set of each set
then determine the cardinality of its
power set
Write the power set of each set
then determine the cardinality of its
power set
Write all the subsets of each set
Write all the subsets of each set
Write all the subsets of each set
Write the power set of each set
Write the power set of each set
The Universal Set
 A Universal Set is the set of all
elements under consideration.
 Denoted by capital letter U that has
elements of all related sets without
any repetition of elements.
 Examples: The set of natural
numbers, the set of points on a line.
Use a Venn Diagram to represent
each pair of sets
 {1, 2, 3,4,5,6,7,8,9} and {2,3,5,7}
Use a Venn Diagram to represent
each pair of sets
 {2,4,6,8} and {1,3,5,7,9}
Use a Venn Diagram to represent
each pair of sets
 {2,4,6,8} and {3,6,9}
Union of Sets
 The union of two sets A and B is the
set containing the elements that
belong to set A, or to set B, or to
both sets. In symbol,

A  B  x x  A or x  B

 The word “or” is inclusive.


Intersection of Sets
 The intersection of A and B is the set
whose elements are common to set A
and Set B. In symbols, the intersection
of sets A and B is
A  B  x x  A and x  B
Intersections

Example: Let A be the set of even


positive integers and B the set of prime
positive integers. Then
A  B {2}

Definition: A and B are disjoint if

A  B Ø
Difference of Two Sets
 The difference of two sets A and B is
the set whose elements belong to
set A but do not belong to set B. In
symbols, the difference of sets A
and B is

A-B
Complements
 The complement of a set A is the
set whose elements are elements of
the universal set U that do not
belong to A. In symbols, the
complement of Set A is

 This means that,


Venn Diagrams

Set A represented as a disk inside a


rectangular region representing U.
The Membership Relation
 Let A be a set and let x be some
object.
 Notation: x  A
 Meaning: x is a member of A, or x is
an element of A, or x belongs to A.
 Negated by writing
 Example: x. A , .
V  a, e, i, o, u  e  V b  V
Possible Venn Diagrams
for Two Sets

U U
A B
A B

A B
The Complement of a Set

Ac
A

The shaded region represents the


complement of the set A
The Union of Two Sets

A B
The Intersection of Two Sets

A B
Sets Formed by Two Sets
o R1  A  B c

 R2  A  B
U
A B

R1
R2
R3
 R3  Ac  B
R4
 R4  Ac  B c
Two Basic Counting Rules
If A and B are finite sets,

1. n( A  B ) n( A)  n( B )  n( A  B )

2. n( A  B c ) n( A)  n( A  B)

See the preceding Venn diagram.

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