ASANSOL ENGINEERING COLLEGE
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
NAME: SAGAR KUMAR MONDAL
ROLL NO.:10800722034
SUB.: Selection and Testing of Materials
(PE-ME-702E)
DATE:- 08/08/2024
DEPT.:- MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
YEAR:- 4th ; SEM:- 07
Introduction to
Non-Destructive
Testing (NDT)
Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a wide range of analysis
techniques used to evaluate the properties of a material,
component, or system without causing damage. It's an
essential tool in many industries for ensuring safety,
reliability, and performance.
Principles of NDT
NDT methods exploit the physical properties of materials to detect defects, such as
cracks, voids, or corrosion. These methods use various techniques to detect, measure,
and characterize material flaws or imperfections.
1 Sound Waves
Ultrasonic testing uses high-frequency sound waves to detect internal flaws.
2 Electromagnetic Fields
Eddy current testing uses electromagnetic fields to detect surface defects in
conductive materials.
3 Penetrating Fluids
Liquid penetrant inspection uses colored dyes to detect surface-breaking defects.
4 X-rays and Gamma Rays
Radiographic testing uses radiation to create images of internal defects.
Common NDT Techniques
There are several common NDT techniques, each with its unique principles and applications. These
techniques provide diverse ways to inspect various materials and components, contributing to safety
and reliability.
Visual Inspection Ultrasonic Testing Magnetic Particle
Inspection
A simple but crucial Utilizes high-frequency sound
technique using the human waves to detect internal A method for detecting
eye to identify visible defects. defects like cracks and voids. surface defects in
ferromagnetic materials
using magnetic particles.
Visual Inspection
This method involves using the human eye to identify visible defects on the surface of a
material. It is the simplest and most straightforward NDT method. It can be used to
detect a wide range of defects, including cracks, corrosion, and pitting.
Magnifying Glass
Used to enlarge the surface area and provide a closer look at potential defects.
Camera and Borescopes
Allow for remote visual inspection and capture images of hard-to-reach areas.
Proper Lighting
Crucial for visibility and detecting surface imperfections.
Ultrasonic Testing
Ultrasonic testing utilizes high-frequency sound waves to detect
internal defects. It works by transmitting sound waves into the
material and analyzing the reflected waves.
1 Transmitter
Generates high-frequency sound waves.
2 Material
Sound waves travel through the material and reflect off
defects.
3 Receiver
Detects reflected sound waves and displays the results
on a screen.
Magnetic Particle Inspection
Magnetic particle inspection is a method for detecting surface defects in
ferromagnetic materials. It works by magnetizing the material and applying
fine iron particles to the surface.
Magnetizing
The material is magnetized using an electromagnet or permanent
magnets.
Particle Application
Fine iron particles are applied to the magnetized surface.
Defect Detection
Particles are attracted to and accumulate at defects, making them visible.
Liquid Penetrant Inspection
Liquid penetrant inspection is a method for detecting surface-breaking defects. It uses a
colored dye that is applied to the surface of the material and penetrates into any
defects.
Step 1 Penetrant Application A colored dye is applied
to the surface of the
material.
Step 2 Excess Removal Excess penetrant is
removed from the
surface.
Step 3 Developer Application A developer is applied
to draw the penetrant
out of the defects.
Step 4 Inspection The surface is inspected
for any visible
indications of defects.
Radiographic Testing
Radiographic testing uses X-rays or gamma rays to create images of
the internal structure of a material. This technique helps detect
internal defects, such as cracks, voids, and inclusions.
X-ray Source
Produces X-rays that are directed at the material.
Material
X-rays pass through the material, creating an image based on
the material's density.
Film or Sensor
Captures the X-ray image, revealing internal defects.
Eddy Current Testing
Eddy current testing uses electromagnetic fields to detect surface defects in conductive materials. It
works by inducing eddy currents in the material, which are then affected by defects.
Eddy Current Probe Material Readout
A probe creates an Eddy currents circulate in the The probe detects changes in
electromagnetic field that material and are affected by the eddy currents, which are
induces eddy currents in the defects. displayed on a screen.
material.
Applications and Benefits of NDT
NDT methods are widely used in various industries, including aerospace, automotive,
energy, and manufacturing. NDT techniques offer significant benefits for ensuring safety,
reliability, and performance of critical components.
1 Safety
NDT helps prevent catastrophic failures by detecting potential defects in critical
components.
2 Reliability
It ensures the long-term performance and reliability of structures, equipment, and systems.
3 Cost Savings
NDT can prevent costly repairs or replacements by detecting defects early on.
4 Quality Control
NDT is crucial for maintaining high-quality standards in various industries.
