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Introduction

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42 views17 pages

Introduction

Uploaded by

saurav raj
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION TO

STRUCTURES-I
CONTENT
STRESS-STRAIN
• DIRECT STRESS 
 When a force is applied to an elastic body, the body deforms.
The way in which the body deforms depends upon the type
of force applied to it.
FORMULATION

Force F
Stress   
Area A
DIRECT STRAIN

• On Every Structure a force F produces a


deformation x. In engineering, we usually Term
this force as stress and the deformation as
strain and we define these as follows:
• Strain is the deformation per unit of the original
length x
Strain  
L
• Strain has no unit’s since it is a ratio of length to length.
HOOK’S LAW

• Hooke’s law states that: “ When a body is


loaded within elastic limit, the stress is
proportional to strain developed” or “Within the
elastic limit the ratio of stress applied to strain
developed is a constant”
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
STRAIN-ENERGY
 A uniform rod is subjected to a slowly
increasing load
• The elementary work done by the load P as the
rod elongates by a small dx is
dU P dx elementary work

• which is equal to the area of width dx under the


load-deformation diagram.
• The total work done by the load for a
deformationx x1,
1
U  P dx total work strain energy
0
• In the case of a linear elastic deformation,
x1
U  kx dx  12 kx12  12 P1x1
0
• The strain energy density resulting from setting R is
the modulus of toughness.

• The energy per unit volume required to cause the material


to rupture is related to its ductility as well as its ultimate
strength.

• If the stress remains within the proportional limit,


1
E12  12
u  E x d x  
0 2 2E
• The strain energy density resulting from setting
Y is the modulus of resilience.

 Y2
uY  modulus of resilience
2E
DIFFERENT FORMS OF
STRUCTURE
• Beams
• Columns
• Frames
• Trusses
• Arches
• Cables
• Tie Memebers
INTRODUCTIONS TO BEAMS

• Beam is a Structural Member Subjected to


Lateral Loads-forces or Moments acting
Perpendicular to the Axis of the Bar.
TYPES OF BEAMS

• Simply Supported Beams


• Cantilever Beams
• Over hanged Beams
• Continuous Beams
• Propped Cantilever Beams
• Fixed Beams
DETERMINACY AND STABILITY OF
STRUCTURES

• A structure is statically determinate when


the equilibrium equations can be utilized to
determine all the forces in the structure.

∑ H = 0, ∑ V = 0 and ∑ M = 0
FORMULATIONS

• A structure is statically indeterminate when


there are more unknown forces than available
equilibrium equations. The additional equations
needed to solve for the unknown reactions.

No. of reactions possible = 5


No. of Equations of equilibrium available = 3
Degree of External indeterminacy = 5 − 3 = 2

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