CPE 3713: Computer Communications

and Networks

Network Layer: IP Addressesing

1
What is an IPV4 Address?

2
Address Space
…………..
addr1 …………..
addr15
addr2 ………….. …………..
…………..
addr41 addr226
addr31
………….. …………..

3
Address space rule
…………..
…………..
The address space in a protocol
That uses N-bits to define an
Address is:
2N

4
IPv4 address space

The address space of IPv4 is

232
or
4,294,967,296.

5
 Binary Notation

01110101 10010101 00011101 11101010

6
Dotted-decimal notation

7
 Example 3

Find the error in the following IP Address

111.56.045.78

Solution

There are no leading zeroes in

Dotted-decimal notation
(045)
8
 Example 3 (continued)

Find the error in the following IP Address

75.45.301.14

Solution

In decimal notation each number <= 255

301 is out of the range

9
 CLASSFUL
ADDRESSING

10
In classful addressing the address space is
divided into 5 classes:

A, B, C, D, and E.

11
Finding the class in binary notation

12
Finding the address class

13
 Example 5

Show that Class A has

231 = 2,147,483,648 addresses:

In class A, only 1 bit defines the class. The remaining 31

bits are available for the address. With 31
bits, we can have 2^31 or 2,147,483,648 addresses.

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 Example 6

Find the class of the following IP addresses

00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
11000001 00001011 00001011 11101111

Solution

• 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111

1st is 0, hence it is Class A
• 11000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
1st and 2nd bits are 1, and 3rd bit is 0 hence, Class C

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Finding the class in decimal notation

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 Example 7

Find the class of the following addresses

158.223.1.108
227.13.14.88

Solution
• 158.223.1.108
1st byte = 158 (128<158<191) class B
• 227.13.14.88
1st byte = 227 (224<227<239) class D

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IP address with appending port
number

 158.128.1.108:25
 thefour octet before colon is the IP address
 The number after colon (25) is the port
number

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Netid and hostid

19
Blocks in class
A

20
Blocks in class B

21
Blocks in class C

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23
24
25
Network
Addresses

The network address is the first address.

The network address defines the network to the

rest of the Internet.
Given the network address, we can find the
class of the address, the block, and the range of
the addresses in the block
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27
 Example 8

Given the network address 132.21.0.0, find the

class, the block, and the range of the addresses

Solution
The 1st byte is between 128 and 191.
Hence, Class B
The block has a netid of 132.21.
The addresses range from
132.21.0.0 to 132.21.255.255.
 Mask

• A mask is a 32-bit binary number.

• The mask is ANDeD with IP address to
get
• The block address (Network address)
• Mask And IP address = Block Address

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Default Mask

 Class A defaultmask is 255.0.0.0

 Class B default mask is 255.255.0.0
 Class C Default mask 255.255.255.0

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Subnet Mask

 An IP address has 2 parts:

– The Network identification.
– The Host identification.
 Frequently, the Network & Host portions of
the address need to be separately extracted.
 In most cases, if you know the address class,
it’s easy to separate the 2 portions.

31
Subnet Mask
(Cont.)

 With the rapid growth of the internet & the ever-

increasing demand for new addresses, the standard
address class structure has been expanded by
borrowing bits from the Host portion to allow for more
Networks.
 Under this addressing scheme, called Subnetting,
separating the Network & Host requires a special
process called Subnet Masking.

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Subnet Mask (Cont.)
 The subnet masking process was developed
to identify & extract the Network part of the
address.
 A subnet mask, which contains a binary bit pattern
of ones & zeros, is applied to an address to
determine whether the address is on the local
Network.
 If it is not, the process of routing it to an outside
network begins.

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Subnet Mask (Cont.)

 The function of a subnet mask is to determine whether

an IP address exists on the local network or whether it
must be routed outside the local network.
 It is applied to a message’s destination address to
extract the network address.
 If the extracted network address matches the local
network ID, the destination is located on the local
network.

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Subnet Mask (Cont.)

 However, if they don’t match, the message

must be routed outside the local network.
 The process used to apply the subnet mask
involves Boolean Algebra to filter out non-
matching bits to identify the network address.

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A network with two levels of
hierarchy (not subnetted)

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Note

 Subnetting is done by borrowing bits from the

host part and add them the network part

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 Example 9

What is the subnetwork address if the

destination address is 200.45.34.56 and the
subnet mask is 255.255.240.0?

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 Solution

AND OPERATION

11001000 00101101 00100010 00111000

11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
11001000 00101101 00100000 00000000

The subnetwork address is 200.45.32.0.

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 Example 10

What is the subnetwork address if the destination

address is 19.30.80.5 and the mask is
255.255.192.0?

Solution

See next slide

40
Solution

41
Comparison of a default mask and
a subnet mask

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43
 Example 11

A company is granted the site address

201.70.64.0 (class C). The company needs
six subnets. Design the subnets.

Solution
The number of 1s in the default
mask is 24 (class C).
44
 Solution (Continued)

The company needs six subnets. This number 6 is not a

power of 2. The next number that is a power of 2 is 8
(23). We need 3 more 1s in the subnet mask. The total
number of 1s in the subnet mask is 27 (24  3).

The total number of 0s is 5 (32  27). The mask is

45
 Solution (Continued)

11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000

or
255.255.255.224
The number of subnets is 8.
The number of addresses in each subnet is 25 (5 is the
number of 0s) or 32.
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Example 3

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 Example 12

A company is granted the site address

181.56.0.0 (class B). The company needs
1000 subnets. Design the subnets.

Solution

The number of 1s in the default mask is

16 (class B).
48
 Solution (Continued)

The company needs 1000 subnets. The number is not a

power of 2. The next number that is a power of 2 is
1024 (210). We need 10 more 1s in the subnet mask.
The total number of 1s in the subnet mask is 26 (16 
10).
The total number of 0s is 6 (32  26).

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 Solution (Continued)
The mask is

11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000

or
255.255.255.192.
The number of subnets is 1024.
The number of addresses in each subnet is 26 (6 is
the number of 0s) or 64.

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Example 4

51
 Exercise

Let us consider an example of Class B network 172.16.0.0. What

will be the first and last IP address, if we want to create 2 subnets

52
 Exercise
Let us consider an example of Class B network 172.16.0.0.
What is will be the first and last IP address, if we want to create
6 subnets

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SUPERNETTING

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What is supernetting?

 Supernetting is the opposite of subnetting

 In subnetting you borrow bits from the host
part
 Supernetting is done by borrowing bits from
the network side.
 And combine a group of networks into one
large supernetwork.

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A
supernetwork

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Rules:
 The number of blocks must be a power of 2 (1,
2, 4, 8, 16, . . .).
 The blocks must be contiguous in the address
space (no gaps between the blocks).
 The third byte of the first address in the
superblock must be evenly divisible by the number
of blocks. In other words, if the number of blocks is
N, the third byte must be divisible by N.
 Example 5

Which of the following set of class C blocks

can be used to form a supernet for a
company?
198.47.32.0 198.47.33.0 198.47.34.0
198.47.32.0 198.47.42.0 198.47.52.0 198.47.62.0
198.47.31.0 198.47.32.0 198.47.33.0 198.47.52.0
198.47.32.0 198.47.33.0 198.47.34.0 198.47.35.0

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 Solution

1: No, there are only three blocks.

2: No, the blocks are not contiguous.
3: No, 31 in the first block is not divisible by 4.
4: Yes, all three requirements are fulfilled.

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60
 In supernetting,
we need the first address of
the supernet
and the supernet mask to
define the range of addresses.

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Comparison of subnet, default,
and supernet masks

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 We need to make a supernetwork out of 16
class C blocks. What is the supernet mask?
Solution
We need 16 blocks. For 16 blocks we need to change four 1s to 0s in
the default mask. So the mask is
11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
or

255.255.240.0

63
 Example 14

A supernet has a first address of 205.16.32.0 and a

supernet mask of 255.255.248.0. A router receives three
packets with the following destination addresses:
205.16.37.44
205.16.42.56
205.17.33.76
Which packet belongs to the supernet?

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 Solution

We apply the supernet mask to see if we can find

the beginning address.
205.16.37.44 AND 
255.255.248.0 205.16.32.0
205.16.42.56 AND 
255.255.248.0 205.16.40.0
Only the first address belongs to this supernet.
205.17.33.76 AND 
255.255.248.0 205.17.32.0
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 Example 15

A supernet has a first address of 205.16.32.0 and a

supernet mask of 255.255.248.0. How many blocks are in
this supernet and what is the range of addresses?

Solution
The supernet has 21 1s. The default mask has 24 1s. Since
the difference is 3, there are 23 or 8 blocks in this supernet.
The blocks are 205.16.32.0 to 205.16.39.0. The first
address is 205.16.32.0. The last address is 205.16.39.255. 66