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Chapter 6

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37 views15 pages

Chapter 6

Uploaded by

abduwasi ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 6

FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION
Implementation of Simple Data Paths
Data path is a collection of functional units, such
as registers, ALUs (Arithmetic Logic Units), and
multiplexers, interconnected to facilitate the
movement and manipulation of data within a
computer system.
The implementation of simple data paths
involves designing and organizing these
components to perform basic operations.
Components of Simple Data Paths
1. Registers:
Registers are small, fast storage locations within the CPU used for temporary
data storage.
They store operands, intermediate results, and control information during
program execution.
Common registers include the program counter (PC), instruction register (IR),
and general-purpose registers.
2. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit):
The ALU performs arithmetic and logic operations on data.
Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Logic operations involve bitwise operations like AND, OR, and NOT.
Components of Simple Data Paths
3. Multiplexers:
Multiplexers (mux) are used to select one of several input data
sources and direct it to the output.
They are crucial for controlling the flow of data within the data path.
4. Data Paths:
Data paths connect various components, allowing data to flow from
one part of the CPU to another.
They include buses (data buses, address buses) that transfer data
between components.
Data Path Operations
1. Instruction Fetch:
Involves retrieving an instruction from memory and placing it in the
instruction register (IR).
The program counter (PC) is updated to point to the next
instruction.
2. Data Transfer:
Movement of data between registers and memory.
Involves loading data into registers or storing data from registers
into memory.
Data Path Operations
3. Arithmetic Operations:
ALU performs arithmetic calculations on data stored in
registers.
Results are stored back in registers.
4. Logic Operations:
ALU executes logical operations on binary data.
Useful for decision-making and data manipulation.
Design Considerations
1. Clocking Mechanism:
Synchronization of operations through a clock signal to ensure proper sequencing.
The clock signal determines when each operation should occur.
2. Control Signals:
Control signals generated by the control unit dictate the operation of various
components.
Signals activate specific functions like reading from or writing to registers.
3. Bus Structure:
The organization of data buses (e.g., data bus, address bus) influences data
transfer speed and efficiency.
Control Unit
The control unit is a crucial component in a computer's
architecture responsible for generating control signals that
coordinate the activities of other hardware components within
the CPU.
There are two primary approaches to implement the control
unit:
1. hardwired realization
2. microprogrammed realization.
Hardwired Realization
In hardwired control units, the control signals
are generated using combinational logic circuits.
The design is fixed, and the control signals are
directly derived from the instruction opcode or
other inputs.
It involves a direct mapping of the instruction set
to the control signals without an intermediate step.
Microprogrammed Realization
Microprogrammed control units use a
control memory that stores microinstructions.
Microinstructions are sets of control signals
that dictate the operations of the CPU.
It provides a more flexible and modular
approach to control unit design.
Comparison
1. Adaptability:
Hardwired control units are less adaptable to changes in instruction
sets, requiring significant hardware modifications.
Microprogrammed control units are more adaptable, allowing for
easier updates and modifications.
2. Complexity vs. Flexibility:
Hardwired units may become complex for larger instruction sets.
Microprogrammed units trade some simplicity for flexibility,
enabling easier management of complex instruction sets.
Comparison
3. Speed:
Hardwired control units are generally faster due to the direct
implementation of control signals.
Microprogrammed units may introduce additional cycles for
accessing the control memory, potentially slowing down the
execution.
Instruction Pipelining
Instruction pipelining is a technique used in computer
architecture to improve the overall performance of a
processor by allowing the simultaneous execution of
multiple instructions.
The idea is to break down the instruction execution into a
series of stages, with each stage handled by a separate
segment of the processor.
This way, multiple instructions can be in different stages
of execution concurrently.
Introduction to Instruction-Level Parallelism (ILP)
Instruction-Level Parallelism (ILP) is a concept in
computer architecture that involves executing multiple
instructions in parallel to improve overall processor
performance.
It aims to exploit parallelism within a single stream of
instructions to enhance throughput and reduce the overall
execution time of a program.
ILP is crucial for achieving high performance in modern
processors.
The End!!!
Thank You!!!

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