CHAPTER - 7

INPUT AND
OUTPUT
Objectives
Qabil
Computers

 Describe Input
 Describe keyboard entry, pointing devices and
scanning devices
 Discuss image capturing and audio input devices
 Discuss Output
 Describe monitors, printers and audio output devices
 Describe combination Input and out put devices
Importance of Input and Output devices
Qabil
Computers

 People understand human languages, which are constructed with

letters, numbers and punctuation marks etc.
 However computers can understand the binary language of 0s and
1s.
 Input devices translate numbers, letters and actions which people
understand into binary language which computer can understand
and process.
 Output devices translate binary language (machine language) of
computers into a form which people can understand.
 In short all input and output devices are work as translators
between people and computer system.
 Input Device

A ,B … 0100100
1

A, 0100100
1
B…

Output Device
What is Input?
Qabil
Computers

 Input is any data or instruction used by the computer system.

 Input may take several forms like;
 Text entered by keyboard (alphabets, numbers, special characters
etc)
 Actions performed by mouse ( pointer movement, click, double click
etc)
 Photos (scanned by scanner or captured by camera)
 Audio (sound recorded through microphone)
 The hardware used to provide input are called as input
devices.
 Input Devices
Mechanic
al mouse
Traditiona Optical Image
Pointing Scanning
Optical Audio Input
Keyboard
l Mouse Capturing
Devices Devices
Scanner Devices
Keyboard Cordless Devices
Flatbed
Flexible Mouse Digital
Scanner
keyboard Pointing Camera Micropho
Portable
Ergonomi Stick Digital ne
Scanner
c Roller Ball Video VRC
Barcode
Keyboard Joystick camera MIDI
readers
Wireless Touch Web cam
MICR
Keyboard Screen
OCR
PDA Light Pen
OMR
Keyboard Stylus
Graphics
Tablet
Keyboard Entry
Qabil
Computers

 Keyboards convert numbers, letters and special

characters that people understand into electrical
signals which can be processed by system unit.
 There are various types of keyboard designs as
follows;
 Traditional Keyboard
 Ergonomic keyboard
 Flexible keyboard
 Wireless keyboard
 PDA keyboards
Features of keyboard
Qabil
Computers

 All the keyboards have some common features

like;
 Toggle Keys turn a feature On or Off like, Caps Lock and
Num Lock
 Combination Keys perform an action when held down in
combination with other keys like, Ctrl and Alt.
 Function Keys perform specific operation, like F1 is used to
display online help
 Navigation Keys are also called as curser movement keys
like,     etc.
 Esc key typically used to cancel an action.
 Escape Function Keys Numeric Keys
Key

Toggle
keys
Navigation Keys
Combination Keys
Windows
Key
Pointing Devices
Qabil
Computers
 Pointing devices convert pointing actions into machine language.
Some common pointing devices are;
 Mouse
 Touch pad
 Pointing stick
 Roller ball
 Track ball
 Joystick
 Touch screen
 Light pen
 Stylus
 Digitizer or graphics tablet
Mouse
Qabil
Computers

 Mouse is the most common pointing device

 The types of mice are;
 Mechanical mouse has a rotating ball at the bottom
which senses the motion and converts it into electrical
signal.
 Optical Mouse has no moving parts. It emits and
senses light to detect mouse movement.
 Cordless Mouse is a battery powered device. It uses
infrared light waves to communicate with the system
unit.
 Pointing stick, roller ball and touch
surface
Qabil
Computers
 Pointing stick is located in the
middle of keyboard. You can control
the pointer by directing the stick
with your finger.

 Trackball (Roller ball) uses a ball

which can be controlled by your
thumb.

 Touch surface (Touch Pads)

controls the pointer by moving and
tapping your finger on the surface
of a pad.
Joystick, touch screen and light
pen
Qabil
Computers

 Joystick provides Pressure, Speed & Direction control.

They are used for computer games.
 Touch screen is a special type of monitor with an outer
flexible plastic layer which covers a crisscross pattern of
infrared light. It is generally used at restaurants, ATMs and
information centers.
 Light pen is a light-sensitive pen like device. It closes a
photo-electric circuit with screen. Typically used to modify
digital images
Stylus and Graphics tablet
Qabil
Computers

 Stylus is a pen like pointing device, commonly

used with tablet PCs and PDAs. IT uses
pressure to draw images on screen.
 Graphics tablet (Digitizer) is a special
graphics surface used to trace images using
stylus. Artists, Mapmakers and engineers use
them to trace and draw images and drawings.
Scanning Devices
Qabil
Computers
 A scanning device read data and converts it machine
language.
 Types of scanners are
 Optical Scanner
 Flatbed Scanner
 Portable Scanner
 Barcode reader
 Character and Mark recognition devices
 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
 Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
 Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
 Optical Scanner
Qabil
Computers

 Optical Scanner record light and dark areas

from the source and convert them into machine
language. There are two types of optical scanners;
 Flatbed Scanner is much like a copy machine. The image
is placed on a glass surface and the scanner records the
images from below.
 Portable Scanner is a handheld device that slides across
the image. They are much smaller in size as compared to
flatbed scanner.
 Optical scanners are commonly used in advertising
Barcode Readers
Qabil
Computers

 Barcode readers use photoelectric scanners

which read the barcodes (vertical zebra stripped
marks), printed on product containers.
 Super markets use UPC (Universal Product Code)
system to read bar codes and maintain inventory.
 The barcode values are sent to the computer
which translates it into price and other details.
 Character and Mark Recognition devices
Qabil
Computers
 Character and mark recognition devices are able to record
special characters and marks.
 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) is used by
banks to read unusual numbers on the bottom of checks. These
devices only recognize the marks printed with magnetic ink.
 Optical Character Recognition (OCR) read special
preprinted characters, like price tags. Wand reader is a
common OCR device.
 Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) also called as mark
sensing, checks the presence or absence of specific marks. It is
typically used to read    marks from Aptitude Tests.
Image Capturing Devices
Qabil
Computers

 Image capturing devices record real-time images

and convert it into computer readable form.
 Digital Camera is similar to traditional camera
except the images are stored in digital format.
 Digital Video Camera captures the moving
images and stores it into digital format.
 Web cams are used to capture images into digital
format and transmit it over computer networks.
 Audio Input Devices
Qabil
Computers

 Audio input devices such as microphone are used to

convert audio signals to electrical signals.
 The microphone is connected to the sound card.
 Voice Recognition System uses microphone, sound card
and special software to convert dictations into machine
language.
 MIDI (musical Instrument Digital Interface) devices are
connected to the system unit through special MIDI
 What is Output ?
Qabil
Computers

 Processed data or information is called as Output.

 Output typically takes the form of text, images,
audio, video etc.
 Hardware used to create output are called as
output devices.
 Output devices translate the information form
system unit (Binary) into a form that humans can
understand.
 Output Devices
Ink Jet Audio
Monitor Printer
Printers
CRT Monitor
Laser Printers Output
LCD Monitor
Thermal
E-book
Printers Speakers
Readers
Dot Matrix Ear Phones
Data
Thermal
Projectors
Printers
HDTV
Photo Printers
Plotters
 Monitor
Qabil
Computers
 Monitor is used to display information to user, output displayed
on monitor screen is called as Soft Copy.
 The most important characteristic of monitor is clarity, which
refers to the quality and sharpness of images. Some features
of monitor are;
 Resolution depends on number of picture elements called as dots or
pixels. Higher the number of pixels better will be the resolution.
 Dot Pitch is the distance between adjacent pixel. Lower dot pitch
creates better quality picture on monitor.
 Refresh Rate indicates how often a image is redrawn on monitor.
Most monitors have refresh rate of 75 hertz i.e. images are redrawn
75 times in a second.
 SI Better Resolution
Z
RefreshERate
Dot
pitch
Capabilities
Qabil
Computers

Standard Pixels Size

SVGA (Super Video Graphics 800 x 600 15 inch
Array)
XGA (Extended Graphics Array ) 1024 x 768 17 inch

SXGA (Super Extended Graphics 1280 X 1024 19 inch

Array)
UXGA (Ultra Extended Graphics 1600 x 1200 21 inch
Array)
 CRT Monitor
Qabil
Computers

 CRT Stands for Cathode Ray

Tube.
 They are less costly and provide
excellent resolution or clarity.
 There primary disadvantage is
that, they are bulky hence can
not be carried easily.
 These monitors are used by
many home users and offices.
 Flat Panel Monitors
Qabil
Computers

 Flat panel Monitors are also

called as LCD Monitors.
 LCD Stands for Liquid Crystal
Display
 These monitors are very thin
and require less space at the
desk as well as less power
consumption.
 Types of Flat Panel
Monitors Qabil
Computers

Passive Matrix (Dual Scan) Active Matrix (Thin Film

Transistor or TFT)
 Create images by scanning  Each pixel is
the entire screen independently activated.
 Requires less power.  Requires more power.
 The image quality is not much  The quality is excellent.
sharp
 Other Monitors
Qabil
Computers

 E-books also known as e-book readers are used to display

the contents downloaded form web. These devices are
used to read newspapers, magazines, and books.
 Data projectors are connected to microcomputers to
project the output like monitors. Generally used by
educators, & marketing people
 High Definition Television (HDTV) is a combination of
microcomputer and television. It displays wider screen
with features to save and freeze the video sequences.
 Printers
Qabil
Computers
 Printers are used to create hard copy
output.
 Some features of printer are;
 Resolution is clarity of printer
output. IT depends on DPI (Dots Per
Square Inch).
 Dot Pitch is distance between two
adjacent dots.
Dot Pitch
 Speed is the number of pages printed
per minute.

 Ink Jet Printers
Qabil
Computers
 Ink jet printer sprays small droplets of ink at high speed on the surface
of paper.
 Ink jet printers are most widely used.
 Inexpensive, quiet and reliable.
Cartridg
e

Ink jet printers create images

by spraying ink on the
surface of paper
 Laser Printers
Qabil
Computers
 Laser printers use laser light source to produce high quality output on
paper.
 Laser printers are more expensive than Ink Jet printers.
 Personal Laser printers print 15 to 19 pages per minute
 Shared Laser printers print 50 pages per minute.

Ink jet printers create images

by spraying ink on the
surface of paper
 Thermal Printers
Qabil
Computers
 A thermal printer uses heating element to produce images on heat-sensitive
paper.
 Very high quality output, hence used for professional art and design works.
 It is very expensive, and requires heat sensitive paper.

TPH

Ink jet printers create images

by spraying ink on the
surface of paper
Other Printers
Qabil
Computers
 Dot Matrix Printer forms the images using a print head,
consisting of small pins. It produces poor quality output and is
quite noisy.
 Plotters are special purpose printers used to print special
quality graphics and images like banner.
 Photo Printer is used to print the photo quality images on
glossy paper.
 Portable Printers are generally used with laptop computers.
 Audio Output Devices
Qabil
Computers
 Audio output devices translate the audio information from system unit into
sounds that people can understand.
 The most widely used audio output devices are speakers and headphones.
 All these audio output devices are connected to sound card in the system
unit.
 Combination Input and Output Devices
Qabil
Computers

 Combination Input and Output Devices combine the input and output
capabilities.
 FAX Machines (Facsimile Transmission Machines): Send and
receive images over telephone lines. The FAX machine feature is added
in computers by using FAX/Modem board.
 Multifunctional Devices (MFD): Combines the capabilities of
scanner, printer, FAX, and copy machines. They are cost effective
replacements for individual devices. These devices however are not as
effective as the individual devices are. They are typically used in small
business offices and home.
 Document is scanned
and converted
n into
ao signal
electrical
g
a le
M
Docum
ent
FAX
Machine

u ne
P

Docum
FAX
ent Machine

Document is converted
into text and
printed
 Internet Telephone
Qabil
Computers
 Internet telephone is a specialized Input and output
device used for receiving and sending voice
communications. It is also called as Internet
telephony, IP telephony and Voice-over IP (VoIP).
 Telephony is nothing but transmission of telephone
calls over computer networks.
 This system uses the Internet rather than existing
telephone lines to support voice communication. It
also requires high speed Internet connection and
 Types of telephony
Qabil
Computers
 Three different approaches are possible
1. Computer to Computer
2. Computer to traditional telephone
3. Traditional telephone to traditional telephone
 Terminals
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Computers
 A terminal is a microcomputer connected to a host computer
or server.
 Dumb terminal is used to input and receive data, but it can
not process data independently. Used in airline reservation to
access flight information.
 Intelligent Terminal is a microcomputer with
communication software. It is a terminal with processing
capabilities. It has a hard disk to store files and programs.
 Network Terminal (Thin Client or Network computer) is a
low cost alternative to an intelligent terminal. They rely on
network server for application and system software.
Dumb Terminal
Terminals

ntelligent Terminal

Server

Network Terminal Web Terminal

 Input and
Inpu Output Outp
Combination Input and
t Output Devices ut
Keyboard FAX Machine Monitors

Pointing Devices MFD Printers

Audio Output
Scanning Devices Internet
Devices
Telephone
Image Capturing
Devices Terminals
Audio Input Devices