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OS Android

Romashko Artyom
Supervision:
Chernyakova E.A.
Android (operating system
droid is a Linux-based operating system designed primarily for
uchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet compute
itially developed by Android, Inc., whom Google financially backed
d later purchased in 2005, Android was unveiled in 2007 along with
wit
e founding of the Open Handset Alliance: a consortium of hardware
tware, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing o
ftware,
andards for mobile devices. The first Android-powered phone
s sold in October 2008.
 OHA (Open Handset
Alliance)
A business alliance consisting of 47 companies to
develop open standards for mobile devices
 Android (operating
system)
roid is open source and Google releases the code under the
ache License. This open source code and permissive licensin
licensi
ows the software to be freely modified and distributed by
ice manufacturers, wireless carriers and enthusiast develop
itionally, Android has a large community of developers wri
lications ("apps") that extend the functionality of devices,
ten primarily in a customized version of the Java programm
tten
guage.
October 2012, there were approximately 700,000 apps
ilable for Android, and the estimated number of application
wnloaded from Google Play,
roid's primary app store, was 25 billion.
 Android (operating
system)
se factors have allowed Android to become the world's mos
se factors have allowed Android to become the world's mos
ely used smartphone platform and the software of choice
echnology companies who require a low-cost, customizable
tweight operating system for high tech devices without
eloping one from scratch. As a result, despite being primar
gned for phones and tablets, it has seen additional applica
elevisions, games consoles and other electronics.
Android's open nature
has further encouraged a large community of dev
and enthusiasts to use the open source code as a
for community-driven projects, which add new
features for advanced users or bring Android to
devices which wereofficially released running othe
operating systems.
 Android (operating
Android had a
system)
worldwide smartphone
market share of 75%
during the third quarter
of 2012, with 500
million devices
activated in total and
1.3 million activations
per day. However, the
operating system's
success has made it a
target for patent
litigation as part of the
so-called "smartphone
 History
Android, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto,
California in October 2003 by Andy Rubin
(co-founder of Danger), Rich Miner (co-
founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.),
Nick Sears (once VP at T-Mobile), and Chris
White (headed design and interface
development at WebTV) to develop, in
Rubin's words "...smarter mobile devices that
are more aware of its owner's location and
preferences. "Despite the obvious past
accomplishments of the founders and early
employees, Android Inc. operated secretly,
revealing only that it was working on software
for mobile phones. That same year, Rubin
ran out of money. Steve Perlman, a close
friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash
in an envelope and refused a stake in the
company.
 History
Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications
market continued to build through December 2006. Reports from the BBC
and The Wall Street Journal noted that Google wanted its search and
applications on mobile phones and it was working hard to deliver that. Print
and online media outlets soon reported rumors that Google was developing
a Google-branded handset. Some speculated that as Google was defining
technical specifications, it was showing prototypes to cell phone
manufacturers and network operators. In September 2007,
InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had
filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony.
On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of
technology companies including Google, device manufacturers such as HTC
and Samsung, wireless carriers such as Sprint Nextel and T-Mobile, and
chipset makers such as Qualcomm and Texas Instruments, unveiled itself,
with a goal to develop open standards for mobile devices. That day, Android
was unveiled as its first product, a mobile device platform built on the Linux
kernel version 2.6. The first commercially available phone to run Android
was the HTC Dream, released on October 22, 2008.
History
Since 2008, Android has seen numerous
updates which have incrementally improved
the operating system, adding new features
and fixing bugs in previous releases. Each
major release is named in alphabetical order
after a dessert or sugary treat; for example,
version 1.5 Cupcake was followed by 1.6
Donut. The latest release is 4.2 Jelly Bean. In
2010, Google launched its Nexus series of
devices - a line of smartphones and tablets
running the Android operating system, and
built by a manufacturer partner. HTC
collaborated with Google to release the first
Nexus smartphone, the Nexus One. The
series has since been updated with newer
devices, such as the Galaxy Nexus phone
and Nexus 7 tablet, made by Samsung and
Asus respectively. Google releases the
Nexus phones and tablets to act as their
flagship Android devices, demonstrating
Android's latest software and hardware
 Interface
Android's user interface is based on direct manipulation, using touch inputs that
loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching and reverse
pinching to manipulate on-screen objects. The response to user input is designed to
be immediate and provides a fluid touch interface, often using the vibration
capabilities of the device to provide haptic feedback to the user. Internal hardware
such as accelerometers, gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some
applications to respond to additional user actions, for example adjusting the screen
from portrait to landscape depending on how the device is oriented, or allowing the
user to steer a vehicle in a racing game by rotating the device, simulating control
of a steering wheel.
Android devices boot to the homescreen, the primary navigation and information
point on the device, which is similar to the desktop found on PCs. Android
homescreens are typically made up of app icons and widgets; app icons launch the
associated app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content such as the
weather forecast, the user's email inbox, or a news ticker directly on the
homescreen. A homescreen may be made up of several pages that the user can
swipe back and forth between, though Android's homescreen interface is heavily
customisable, allowing the user to adjust the look and feel of the device to their
tastes. Third party apps available on Google Play and other app stores can
extensively re-theme the homescreen, and even mimic the look of other operating
systems, such as Windows Phone. Most manufacturers, and some wireless carriers,
customise the look and feel of their Android devices to differentiate themselves from
 Interface
Present along the top of the screen is a
status bar, showing information about the
device and its connectivity. This status bar
can be "pulled" down to reveal a
notification screen where apps display
important information or updates, such as
a newly received email or SMS text, in a
way that doesn't immediately interrupt or
inconvenience the user. In early versions
of Android these notifications could be
tapped to open the relevant app, but
recent updates have provided enhanced
functionality, such as the ability to call a A Samsung Galaxy Note II's
homescreen, showing the status bar,
number back directly from the missed call a clock and weather widget, a
notification without having to open the Google search bar, and several app
dialer app first. Notifications are persistent shortcuts.
until read or dismissed by the user.
 Applications
Android has a growing selection of third party
applications, which can be acquired by users
either through an app store such as Google Play
or the Amazon Appstore, or by downloading and
installing the application's APK file from a third-
party site. The Play Store application allows users
to browse, download and update apps published
by Google and third-party developers, and is pre-
installed on devices that comply with Google's
compatibility requirements. The app filters the
list of available applications to those that are
compatible with the user's device, and developers
may restrict their applications to particular
carriers or countries for business reasons.
Purchases of unwanted applications can be
refunded within 15 minutes of the time of
download, and some carriers offer direct carrier
billing for Google Play application purchases,
where the cost of the application is added to the
user's monthly bill. As of September 2012, there
were more than 675,000 apps available for
Android, and the estimated number of
 Applications
Applications are developed in the Java
language using the Android software
development kit (SDK). The SDK includes a
comprehensive set of development tools,
including a debugger, software libraries, a
handset emulator based on QEMU,
documentation, sample code, and tutorials.
The officially supported integrated
development environment (IDE) is Eclipse
using the Android Development Tools (ADT)
plugin. Other development tools are
available, including a Native Development
Kit for applications or extensions in C or C+
+, Google App Inventor, a visual
environment for novice programmers, and
various cross platform mobile web
applications frameworks.
In order to work around limitations on
reaching Google services due to Internet
censorship in the People's Republic of China,
Android devices sold in the PRC are
 Android
• A S/W stack for mobile devices
developed and managed by OHA
• A free S/W under Apache License

Android
Key Applications

Middleware

Operating System (Linux Kernel 2.6)

Development
Android Software
Stack
 Android S/W Stack -
Application

Android provides a set of core applications:

 Email Client
 SMS Program
 Calendar
 Maps
 Browser
 Contacts
 Etc
All applications are written using the Java language.
 Android S/W Stack –
App Framework

Enabling and simplifying the reuse of

components
Developers have full access to the same
framework APIs used by the core
applications.
Users are allowed to replace components.
 Android S/W Stack -
Libraries

• Including a set of C/C++ libraries used by

components of the Android system
• Exposed to developers through the Android
application framework
 Android S/W Stack -
Runtime

Core Libraries
 Providing most of the functionality
available in the core libraries of the
Java language
 APIs
 Data Structures
 Utilities
 File Access
 Network Access
 Graphics
 Etc
 Android S/W Stack – Linux
Kernel

 Relying on Linux Kernel 2.6 for core system services

 Memory and Process

Management
 Network Stack
 Driver Model
 Security
 Providing an abstraction layer between the H/W and the rest of
the S/W stack
 Memory management
Since Android devices are usually battery-powered, Android is designed to
manage memory (RAM) to keep power consumption at a minimum, in
contrast to desktop operating systems which generally assume they are
connected to unlimited mains electricity. When an Android app is no longer
in use, the system will automatically suspend it in memory - while the app
is still technically "open," suspended apps consume no resources (e.g.
battery power or processing power) and sit idly in the background
until needed again. This has the dual benefit of increasing the general
responsiveness of Android devices, since apps don't need to be closed and
reopened from scratch each time, but also ensuring background apps don't
waste power needlessly.
Android manages the apps stored in memory automatically: when memory
is low, the system will begin killing apps and processes that have been
inactive for a while, in reverse order since they were last used (i.e. oldest
first). This process is designed to be invisible to the user, such that users
do not need to manage memory or the killing of apps themselves.
However, confusion over Android memory management has resulted in
third-party task killers becoming popular on the Google Play store; these
third-party task killers are generally regarded as doing more harm than
good.
Usage share of Android versions
Any Questions ?

www.google.com :P