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Chapter 8

Chapter8

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31 views26 pages

Chapter 8

Chapter8

Uploaded by

dmretab
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter Eight

Mobile Computing Application


• Outline
– Introduction to Mobile Computing
– Mobile Devices and Operating Systems
Mobile Computing
• Mobile computing systems are computing systems
that may be easily moved physically and whose
computing capabilities may be used while they are
being moved.
• Mobile computing involves:
– Mobile Communication
• Wi-fi, WiMax, 3G, LTE, …
– Mobile hardware
• notebooks, PDAs, mobile phones, …
– Mobile software
– Mobile User
Mobile Computing
• Dimensions of mobile computing
– Location awareness
– Network connectivity quality of service (QoS)
– Limited device capabilities
– Limited power supply
– Support for a wide variety of user interfaces
– Platform proliferation
– Active transactions
Dimensions …
• Location
– A mobile device location is constantly changing
– Entails both challenge and opportunity
– These challenges and opportunities can be divided into two
general categories: localization and location sensitivity.
– Localization
• The mobile application can adapt its functions or service
provisioning based on a given set of location information
commonly referred to as locale
– Location sensitivity
• The ability to first obtain location information while being used
and then to take advantage of this location information in
offering features and functionality
– The most well known location sensing system today is GPS
Dimensions …
• Quality of Service (QoS)
– Mobility means loss of network connectivity reliability
– In the case of wireless network connectivity, physical
conditions can significantly affect the quality of service
(QoS).
– Mobile applications should have STOP and RESUME
functionalities
• Limited Device Storage and CPU
– Physical size limitation
• Imposes boundaries on volatile storage, nonvolatile
storage, and CPU on mobile devices
• Has implication on mobile application development
Dimensions …
• Limited Power Supply
– Batteries are the primary power source for mobile devices
– Battery is the largest single source of weight in the mobile
• Varying User Interfaces
– Mobile applications
• Use different interfaces: voice user interfaces, smaller
displays, stylus and other pointing devices, touch-screen
displays, and miniature keyboards, etc
• Multichannel systems: are systems that use multiple
types of user interfaces for input and output such as text,
voice, and video
Dimensions …
– User interfaces are difficult to design and implement for
the following reasons:
• Designers have difficulties learning the user’s tasks
• The tasks and domains are complex.
• There are real-time requirements for handling input events
• It is difficult to test user interface software
• A balance must be achieved among the many different
design aspects, such as standards, graphic design,
technical writing, internationalization, performance, multiple
levels of detail, social factors, and implementation time.
Dimensions …
• Platform Proliferation
– heightens the importance of designing and developing
devices independent of the platform
• Active Transactions
– The user of the system must initiate all interactions with the
system. We call such systems passive systems because
they are in a passive state
– Transactions initiated by the system
– Most applications wait for some event to respond to - Event
driven
– Push–pull systems
• The system takes the initiative to communicate hence Active
• can be implemented in a number of ways, including using
event-driven systems, messaging middleware, and poll-based
systems.
Condition of the Mobile User
• The mobile user is fundamentally different from the
stationary user in the following ways:
– The mobile user is Moving
– The mobile user is not focused on the computing task
– The mobile user frequently requires high degrees of
immediacy and responsiveness
– The mobile user is changing tasks frequently and/or
abruptly
– The mobile user may require access to the system
anywhere and at any time
Mobile Devices

Laptop Smartphone Media Player Palmtop Digital Camera

Mobile Router
Personal Digital Assistant
Notebook Pager
Gaming Console

11
Mobile Operating Systems
• Mobile operating systems
– is an operating system that operates a smartphone,
tablet, PDA, or other mobile device.
– Modern mobile operating systems combine the features
of a personal computer operating system with other
features, including a touchscreen, cellular, Bluetooth, Wi-
Fi, GPS mobile navigation, camera, video camera,
speech recognition, voice recorder, music player
– Creating a cut-down version of PC type MTOS
– Specifically designed to mobile devices from the ground
up
• Mobile OSs have requirements in addition to the
common chores of an OS:
– Power management
– Mobility Support
– Heterogeneous Communication support
– Intermittent connection , etc
• Mobile OS can be
– Multi tasking
• E.g Symbian OS
– Single tasking
• Palm OS
Mobile OS: Power Management
• Requirements
– If Mobile devices’ hardware resources are fully powered
up all the time, often only a fraction of power is being
used
– Device needs to be responsive in all situations
– Devices should not be powered down completely
– Competing processes/ users scheduled to receive, a fair
share of battery (power) resources rather than CPU
resources
– Application support
Mobile Operating systems
• Symbian OS
– Symbian, one of the most powerful and popular platforms
for mobile development,
– was created jointly by Ericsson, Nokia, Panasonic, Psion,
Samsung Electronics, and Siemens.
– Specifically designed as an OS for mobile devices
– Has a multi-tasking kernel
– Has a POSIX compliant interface and a JVM
– The Symbian OS 7.0 comes with considerable basic
functionality for mobile applications:
• support for MMS,
• HTTP communication,
• SyncML synchronization,
• SMS,
• support for Mobile IP (through support for IPv6), and
Mobile Operating systems
• iOS
– Derived from Mac OS X
– Maintained by Apple Inc.
– for iPhone and now extended to iPAD, iPod Touch and
Apple TV
– It is closed source and proprietary and built on open source
Darwin core OS.
– it can only be used on Apple’s devices such as iPhone,
iPod Touch, iPad, Apple TV
– iOS uses four abstraction layers, namely:
• the Core OS layer,
• the Core Services layer,
• the Media layer, and
• the Cocoa Touch layer
Mobile Operating systems
• Windows Mobile & Windows Phone
– Maintained by Microsoft
– It is closed source and proprietary.
– Based on Windows CE
– Windows Phone devices are made primarily by Nokia,
along with HTC, Samsung.
Mobile Operating systems
• Andriod
– Maintained by Google Inc.
– Linux-Derived OS – Open source
– Most of Android is free and open source,
– but a large amount of software on Android devices (such as
Play Store, Google Search, Google Play Services, Google
Music, and so on) are proprietary and licensed
– Android's releases prior to 2.0 (1.0, 1.5, 1.6) were used
exclusively on mobile phones.
– Android 2.x releases were mostly used for mobile phones
but also some tablets.
– Android 3.0 was a tablet-oriented release and does not
officially run on mobile phones.
– The current Android version is 13 (Teramisu).
Smart phone market share

• 2.8% global smartphone market share (2009)


52.5% (November 2011) 75% (Third Quarter of
2012) On September 2014 Android's global market
share rose to 85% - Wikipedia
• Android maintained its position as the leading mobile
operating system worldwide in the second quarter of
2023 with a market share of 70.8 percent. Android's
closest rival, Apple's iOS, had a market share of 28.4
percent during the same period.
Android Mobile OS - Architecture

• Android operating system is a stack of software


components which is roughly divided into five sections
and four main layers as shown in the next slide in the
architecture diagram.
Android Mobile OS - Architecture

http://code.google.com/android/what-is-android.html 22
Mobile Operating systems
• BlackBerry OS
– Proprietary mobile OS based on QNX
– it is closed source and proprietary
– it's global market share has been reduced to less than
1% in late 2014
Market Share
• Worldwide Smartphone Sales to End Users by
Vendor in 3Q14 (Thousands of Units)
Market Share
• Worldwide Smartphone Sales to End Users by
Operating System in 3Q14 (Thousands of Units)
• Reference
– Reza B’Far, Mobile Computing Principles: Designing
and Developing Mobile Applications with XML and
UML, Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed. 2005
• Ch 1
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_system
– http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2665715

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