Cyber Security

Syllabus
UNIT 1: Introduction to Cybercrime, Cyber
offenses
UNIT 2: Cybercrime: Mobile and Wireless
devices
UNIT 3: Tools and method used in Cybercrime
UNIT 4: Computer Forensics
UNIT 5: Security policies and cyber laws

TEXT BOOK:
1. Sunit Belapure and Nina Godbole, “Cyber Security:
Understanding Cyber Crimes, Computer Forensics And
Legal Perspectives”, Wiley India Pvt Ltd, ISBN: 978-81-
265-21791, 2011, First Edition (Reprinted 2018)
2. Dr. Surya PrakashTripathi, RitendraGoyal, Praveen Kumar
Shukla, KLSI. “Introduction to information security and
cyber laws”. Dreamtech Press. ISBN: 9789351194736,
2015.
Unit 1: Learning Objectives
 Learn what cybercrime is and appreciate the importance of cybercrime as
a topic.
 Understand the different types cybercrime.
 Understand the difference between cybercrime and cyberfraud.
 Learn about different types of cybercriminals and the motives behind
them
 Get an overview of cybercrime scenario in India and global
 Understand legal perspective on cybercrime.
 Understand different types of cyberattacks.
 Get an overview of the steps involved in planning cybercrime
 Understand tools used for gathering information about the target
 Get an overview on social engineering
 Learn about the role of cybercafe in cybercrime
 Understand what is cyberstalking
 Learn about botnet and attack vector
 Get an overview of cloud computing
Unit 2: Learning Objectives
Understand the security challenges
presented by mobile devices and information
systems access in the cybercrime world.
Understand challenges faced by the mobile
workforce and implication under the
cybercrime era.
Mitigation strategy – credit card users.
Security issues due to use of media players
Unit 3: Learning Objectives
Proxy servers and anonymizers
Password cracking
Keyloggers and spywares
Overview of virus and worms
Trojan horses and backdoors
Steganography
DoS attacks
SQL injection
Phishing and its techniques
Identity theft
Unit 4: Learning Objectives
understand the fundamental concepts in
cyberforensics.
Learn what digital evidence means along with
the base term forensics science.
Learn how cyberforensics is used in cybercrime
investigations.
Get an overview of the role of forensic expert.
Understand data privacy issues involved in
cyberforensics.
Understand the challenges faced in
cyberforensics.
Unit 5: Learning Objectives
Cyber laws
Legal perspectives
Course Outcomes
On Successful completion of the course,
the students will be able to:
Explain the classification of cybercrimes
Identify the steps of attacks
Discuss challenges posed by mobile devices
Recognize the attack on mobile networks
Discuss Phishing in cybercrime
Explain the different security challenges to
Indian law
 1.1 INTRODUCTION
The internet in India is growing rapidly. It has given rise to
new opportunities in every field we can think of be it
entertainment, business, sports or education.

There’re two sides to a coin. Internet also has it’s own

disadvantages: The Cyber crime- illegal activity committed
on the internet.
1.2 DEFINING CYBER CRIME
 Crime committed using a computer and
the internet to steal data or information.
 Illegal imports.
 Malicious programs.
Cybercrime
Cybercrime is not a new phenomena
The first recorded cybercrime took place in the year
1820.
In 1820, JosephMarie Jacquard, a textile
manufacturer in France, produced the loom. This
device allowed the repetition of a series of steps in
the weaving of special fabrics. This resulted in a fear
amongst Jacquard's employees that their traditional
employment and livelihood were being threatened.
They committed acts of sabotage to discourage
Jacquard from further use of the new technology.
This is the first recorded cyber crime!
Alternative definitions for cybercrime
Any illegal act where a special knowledge of
computer technology is essential for its
perpetration, investigation or prosecution
Any traditional crime that has acquired a new
dimension or order of magnitude through the aid
of a computer, and abuses that have come into
being because of computers
Any financial dishonesty that takes place in a
computer environment.
Any threats to the computer itself, such as theft of
hardware or software, sabotage and demands for
ransom
Another definition
“Cybercrime (computer crime) is any illegal
behavior, directed by means of electronic
operations, that target the security of
computer systems and the data processed by
them”.
Hence cybercrime can sometimes be called
as computer-related crime, computer crime,
E-crime, Internet crime, High-tech crime….
Cybercrime specifically
can be defined
in number of ways…
A crime committed using a computer and the
internet to steal a person’s identity(identity
theft) or sell contraband or stalk victims or
disrupt operations with malevolent programs.
Crimes completed either on or with a
computer
Any illegal activity through the Internet or on
the computer.
All criminal activities done using the medium
of computers, the Internet, cyberspace and
the WWW.
 further
 Cybercrime refers to the act of performing a criminal act using
cyberspace as communication vehicle.
 Two types of attacks are common:
 Techno- crime : Active attack
 Techno Crime is the term used by law enforcement agencies to denote

criminal activity which uses (computer) technology, not as a tool to

commit the crime, but as the subject of the crime itself. Techno Crime is
usually pre-meditated and results in the deletion, corruption, alteration,
theft or copying of data on an organization's systems. Ex: hacking,
identity theft, or cyber fraud.
 Techno Criminals will usually probe their prey system for weaknesses

and will almost always leave an electronic 'calling card' to ensure that
their pseudonym identity is known.
 Techno – vandalism: Passive attack
 Techno Vandalism is a term used to describe a hacker or cracker who
breaks into a computer system with the sole intent of defacing and or
destroying its contents.
 Techno Vandals can deploy 'sniffers' on the Internet to locate soft
(insecure) targets and then execute a range of commands using a variety
of protocols towards a range of ports. If this sounds complex - it is! The
best weapon against such attacks is a firewall which will hide and
Here is how much Indians lost to cyber frauds between
Jan and Apr of 2024
 Between January and April 2024, Indian citizens suffered losses
exceeding Rs 1,750 crore due to cybercriminal activities. This
was reported through over 740,000 complaints lodged on the
National Cybercrime Reporting Portal, which is managed by the
Ministry of Home Affairs.
 The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) stated that in
May 2024, an average of 7,000 cybercrime complaints were
recorded daily, marking a significant surge of 113.7 per cent
compared to the period between 2021 and 2023, and a 60.9 per
cent increase from 2022 to 2023, according to a report in the
Economic Times.
 Most victims fell prey to online investment fraud, gaming apps,
algorithm manipulations, illegal lending apps, sextortion, and
OTP scams. In 2023, the I4C reported over 100,000 investment
fraud incidents. Digital arrests resulted in a loss of Rs 120 crore
across 4,599 cases in the initial four months of 2024. Trading
scams accounted for 20,043 cases, leading to a loss of Rs 1,420
crore to cybercriminals during the same period.
1.3 Cybercrime and information security
Lack of information security give rise to
cybercrime
Cybersecurity: means protecting
information, equipment, devices, computer,
computer resource, communication device
and information stored therein from
unauthorized access, use, disclosure,
disruption, modification or destruction.
Challenges for securing data in business
perspective
Cybercrime occupy an important space in
information security due to their impact.
Most organizations do not incorporate the cost
of the vast majority of computer security
incidents into their accounting
The difficulty in attaching a quantifiable
monetary value to the corporate data and yet
corporate data get stolen/lost
Financial loses may not be detected by the
victimized organization in case of Insider
attacks: such as leaking customer data
Cybercrime trends over years
 1.4 Who are Cybercriminals?
Are those who conduct acts such as:
Child pornography
Credit card fraud
Cyberstalking
Defaming another online
Gaining unauthorized access to computer
systems
Ignoring copyrights
Software licensing and trademark protection
Overriding encryption to make illegal copies
Software piracy
Stealing another’s identity to perform criminal
acts
Categorization of Cybercriminals
Type 1: Cybercriminals- hungry for
recognition
 Hobby hackers
 A person who enjoys exploring the limits of
what is possible, in a spirit of playful cleverness.
May modify hardware/ software
 IT professional(social engineering):
 Ethical hacker

 Politically motivated hackers :

 promotes the objectives of individuals, groups or nations
supporting a variety of causes such as : Anti globalization,
transnational conflicts and protest
 Terrorist organizations
 Cyberterrorism
 Use the internet attacks in terrorist activity

 Large scale disruption of computer networks ,

personal computers attached to internet via

Type 2: Cybercriminals- not interested in recognition
Psychological perverts
 Express sexual desires, deviates from normal behavior
Financially motivated hackers
 Make money from cyber attacks
 Bots-for-hire : fraud through phishing, information theft,
spam and extortion
State-sponsored hacking
 Hacktivists
 Extremely professional groups working for governments
 Have ability to worm into the networks of the media, major
corporations, defense departments
Type 3: Cybercriminals- the insiders
Disgruntled or former employees
seeking revenge
Competing companies using employees
to gain economic advantage through
damage and/ or theft.
Motives behind cybercrime
Greed
Desire to gain power
Publicity
Desire for revenge
A sense of adventure
Looking for thrill to access forbidden
information
Destructive mindset
Desire to sell network security services
1.5 Classification of cybercrimes
1. Cybercrime against an individual
2. Cybercrime against property
3. Cybercrime against organization
4. Cybercrime against Society
5. Crimes emanating from Usenet
newsgroup
1. Cybercrime against an individual
Electronic mail spoofing and other online
frauds
Phishing, spear phishing
spamming
Cyberdefamation
Cyberstalking and harassment
Computer sabotage
Pornographic offenses
 passwordsniffing
2.Cybercrime against property
Credit card frauds
Intellectual property( IP) crimes
Internet time theft
3.Cybercrime against organization
Unauthorized accessing of computer
Password sniffing
Denial-of-service attacks
Virus attack/dissemination of viruses
E-Mail bombing/mail bombs
Salami attack/ Salami technique
Logic bomb
Trojan Horse
Data diddling
Industrial spying/ industrial espionage
Computer network intrusions
Software piracy
4.Cybercrime against Society
Forgery
Cyberterrorism
Web jacking
5.Crimes emanating from Usenet newsgroup
 Usenet groups may carry very offensive,
harmful, inaccurate material
Postings that have been mislabeled or are
deceptive in another way
Hence service at your own risk
History of Usenet groups
In 1979 it was developed by two graduate
student
s from Duke University in North Carolina
(UNC) as a network that allowed users to
exchange quantities of information too large
for mailboxes
Usenet was designed to facilitate textual
exchanges between scholars.
Slowly, the network structure adapted to allow
the exchange of larger files such as videos or
images.
Usenet groups as a “safe” place?
Usenet newsgroups constitute one o the
largest source of child pornography
available in cyberspace
This source useful for observing other
types of criminal or particular activities:
online interaction between pedophiles,
adult pornographers and writers of
pornographic stories.
Usenet for sharing illegal content
Criminal activity on Oracle USENET
Newsgroups
 This interesting SearchOracle article on
Oracle security bloopers, we see the risks with
engaging the unsavory inhabitants of the Oracle
USENET newsgroup, a forum laced with profanity,
pornography and, according to this note, criminal
Oracle hackers:
 “I subscribe to several Usenet groups so I can keep
my skills current. Well, a few years ago a DBA needed
some assistance and posted a question in which he
shared his tnsnames.ora file and wondered why he
could not connect to SQL*Plus with the following
syntax:
 sqlplus system/SecurePswd@prod
 Almost immediately several people connected to this
person’s production system and was able to fish
around the system. Numerous people emailed the
E-Mail Spoofing
E-mail spoofing is the forgery of an e-mail header so
that the message appears to have originated from
someone or somewhere other than the actual source.
To send spoofed e-mail, senders insert commands in
headers that will alter message information.
 It is possible to send a message that appears to be
from anyone, anywhere, saying whatever the sender
wants it to say.
Thus, someone could send spoofed e-mail that
appears to be from you with a message that you
didn't write.
Classic examples of senders who might prefer to
disguise the source of the e-mail include a sender
reporting mistreatment by a spouse to a welfare
agency.
E-Mail Spoofing
Although most spoofed e-mail falls into the
"nuisance" category and requires little action
other than deletion, the more malicious varieties
can cause serious problems and security risks.
 For example, spoofed e-mail may purport to be
from someone in a position of authority, asking
for sensitive data, such as passwords, credit card
numbers, or other personal information -- any of
which can be used for a variety of criminal
purposes.
The Bank of America, eBay, and Wells Fargo are
among the companies recently spoofed in mass
spam mailings.
 One type of e-mail spoofing, self-sending spam,
Spamming
People who create electronic spam : spammers
Spam is abuse of electronic messaging systems to send
unsolicited bulk messages indiscriminately
Spamming may be
 E-Mail Spam
 Instant messaging spam
 Usenet group spam
 Web search engine spam
 Spam in blogs, wiki spam
 Online classified ads spam
 Mobile phone messaging spam
 Internet forum spam
 Junk fax spam
 Social networking spam
……..
Spamming
Spamming is difficult to control
Advertisers have no operating costs beyond
the management of their mailing lists
It is difficult to hold senders accountable for
their mass mailings
Spammers are numerous
Search engine spamming
Alteration or creation of a document with the
intent to deceive an electronic catalog or a
filing system
 some web authors use “subversive
techniques” to ensure that their site appears
more frequently or higher number in
returned search results.
 remedy: permanently exclude from the
search index
Avoid the following web publishing
techniques:
Repeating keywords
Use of keywords that do not relate to the content on the
site
Use of fast meta refresh
 change to the new page in few seconds.
Redirection
IP cloaking:
 including related links, information, and terms.
Use of colored text on the same color background
Tiny text usage
Duplication of pages with different URLs
Hidden links
Cyber defamation
Cyber defamation
The tort of cyber defamation is considered to be
the act of defaming, insulting, offending or
otherwise causing harm through false statements
pertaining to an individual in cyberspace.
Example: someone publishes
defamatory matter about
someone on a website
or sends an E-mail containing
defamatory information
to all friends of that person.
It may amount to defamation when-
If imputation to a deceased person would harm the
reputation of that person, and is intended to be hurtful
to the feelings of his family or other near relatives
An imputation is made concerning a company or an
association or collection of people as such.
An imputation in the form of an alternative or
expressed ironically
An imputation that directly or indirectly, in the
estimation of others, lowers the moral or intellectual
character of that person, or lowers the character of
that person in respect of his caste or of his calling, or
lowers the credit of that person.
Types of defamation
Libel : written defamation
Slander: oral defamation
The plaintiff must have to show that the
defamatory statements were unlawful and
would indeed injure the person’s or
organization’s reputation.
When failed to prove, the person who made
the allegations may still be held responsible
for defamation.
Cyber defamation cases
In first case of cyber defamation in India (14 dec
2009),
 the employee of a corporate defamed its reputation was
sending derogatory and defamatory emails against the
company and its managing director
 In this case the Court(delhi court) had restrained the
defendant from sending derogatory, defamatory, obscene,
vulgar, humiliating and abusive emails.
 The court passed as important ex-parte injunction.
 In another case, accused posted obscene, defamatory and
annoying message about a divorcee woman and also sent emails
to the victim.
 The offender was traced and was held guilty of offences under section
469, 509 IPC and 67 of IT Act, 2000.
 Other defamation cases:
 A malicious customer review by a competitor could destroy a small
business.
 A false accusation of adultery on a social networking site could destroy
a marriage.
Internet Time Theft
Occurs when an unauthorized person uses
the Internet hours paid for by another person
Comes under hacking
The person get access to someone else’s ISP user
ID and password, either by hacking or by gaining
access to it by illegal means
And uses the internet without the other person’s
knowledge
This theft can be identified when Internet time is
recharged often, despite infrequent usage.
This comes under “identity theft”
Salami attack/ salami technique
Are used for committing financial crimes.
The alterations made are so insignificant that
in a single case it would go completely
unnoticed.
Example: a bank employee inserts a program,
into the bank’s serve, that deduces a small
amount from the account of every customer
every month,
The unauthorised debit goes unnoticed by the
customers, but the employee will make a
sizable amount every month.
Salami attack: real life examples
Small “shavings” for Big gains!
The petrol pump fraud
Data diddling
Data diddling involves changing data input in a
computer.
 In other words, information is changed from the
way it should be entered by a person typing in
the data.
 Usually, a virus that changes data or a
programmer of the database or application has
pre-programmed it to be changed.
 For example, a person entering accounting may
change data to show their account, or that or a
friend or family member, is paid in full. By
changing or failing to enter the information, they
are able to steal from the company.
To deal with this type of crime, a company
must implement policies and internal
controls.
 This may include performing regular
audits, using software with built-in
features to combat such problems, and
supervising employees.
Real life example:
Doodle me Diddle
Electricity board in India have been victims
to data diddling programs inserted when
private parties computerized their systems.
Forgery
The act of forging something, especially the
unlawful act of counterfeiting a document or
object for the purposes of fraud or deception.
Something that has been forged, especially a
document that has been copied or remade to
look like the original.
Counterfeit currency notes, postage, revenue
stamps, marksheets, etc., can be forged using
sophisticated computers, printers and
scanners.
Real life case:
Stamp Paper Scam – a racket that flourished on
loopholes in the system
Abdul Karim Telgi, the mastermind of the multi-crore
counterfeiting, printed fake stamp papers worth
thousands of crores of rupees using printing machines
purchased illegally with the help of some conniving
officials of the Central Govt.’s Security Printing Press
(India Security Press) located in Nasik. These fake stamp
papers penetrated in more than 12 states through a
widespread network of vendors who sold the counterfeits
without any fear and earned hefty commissions.
Amount swindled Rs. 172 crores
Telgi was in jail serving his 13 plus 10 years term
Web jacking
This term is derived from the term hi jacking.
 In these kinds of offences the hacker gains access and
control over the web site of another.
He may even change the information on the site.
The first stage of this crime involves “password sniffing”.
The actual owner of the website does not have any more
control over what appears on that website
This may be done for fulfilling political objectives or for
money
Real life examples
 recently the site of MIT (Ministry of
Information Technology) was hacked by the
Pakistani hackers and some obscene matter
was placed therein.
 Further the site of Bombay crime branch
was also web jacked.
 Another case of web jacking is that of the
‘gold fish’ case. In this case the site was
hacked and the information pertaining to gold
fish was changed.
Industrial spying/ Industrial Espionage
Industrial espionage is the covert and
sometimes illegal practice of investigating
competitors to gain a business advantage.
The target of investigation might be a trade
secret such as a proprietary product
specification or formula, or information about
business plans.
 In many cases, industrial spies are simply
seeking any data that their organization can
exploit to its advantage.
Real life case
 A Chinese Trojan horse email campaign targeted some 140 senior
Israeli defense corporation employees (2013) involved in highly
classified, sensitive security projects.
 The email was made to appear as if it came from a known German
company that regularly works with the Israeli defense industry.
 However, it turned out to contain a Trojan horse, which, according to
the report, attempted to funnel information from the recipients'
computers.
 The Trojan horse was noticed by computer defense systems and shut
down.

 The defense establishment then realized how many Israelis received

the email, and reportedly tracked the malicious program down to
Chinese defense industries.
 The incident led security companies to reiterate to employees
computer security guidelines.
Hacking
Every act committed toward breaking into a
computer and/ or network is hacking.
Purpose
Greed
Power
Publicity
Revenge
Adventure
Desire to access forbidden information
Destructive mindset
History of hacking
 hacking is any technical effort to manipulate the normal
behavior of network connections and connected systems.
 A hacker is any person engaged in hacking.
 The term "hacking" historically referred to constructive,
clever technical work that was not necessarily related to
computer systems.
 M.I.T. engineers in the 1950s and 1960s first popularized
the term and concept of hacking.
 the so-called "hacks" perpetrated by these hackers were
intended to be harmless technical experiments and fun
learning activities.
 Later, outside of M.I.T., others began applying the term to
less honorable pursuits. for example, several hackers in the
U.S. experimented with methods to modify telephones for
making free long-distance calls over the phone network
illegally.
 As computer networking and the Internet exploded in
Hacking vs. Cracking
Malicious attacks on computer networks are
officially known as cracking ,
while hacking truly applies only to activities
having good intentions.
Most non-technical people fail to make this
distinction, however.
Outside of academia, its extremely common
to see the term "hack" misused and be
applied to cracks as well.
There are 3 types of modern hackers
Black Hats: Criminal Hackers.
Possess desire to destruction
Hack for personal monetary gains : Stealing
credit card information, transferring money
from various bank accounts to their own
account, extort money from corporate giant by
threatening.
White Hats: Ethical Hackers.
Network Security Specialist.
Grey Hats: Deals in both of the above (jack
of all trades, master of none).
Real life case:dec 2009
NASA site hacked via SQL Injection
 Two NASA sites recently were hacked by an individual wanting to
demonstrate that the sites are susceptible to SQL injection.
 The websites for NASA's Instrument Systems and Technology
Division and Software Engineering Division were accessed by a
researcher, who posted to his blog screen shots taken during the
hack.
 The researcher, using the alias "c0de.breaker," used SQL injection
to hijack the sites.
 SQL injection is an attack process where a hacker adds additional
SQL code commands to a page request and the web server then
tries to execute those commands within the backend database
 The NASA hack yielded the credentials of some 25 administrator
accounts.
 The researcher also gained access to a web portal used for
managing and editing those websites.
 In this particular case, the researcher found the vulnerabilities,
made NASA aware of them, then published findings after the
websites had been fixed.
Nadya Suleman’s Website Hacked,
feb 2009
The story..
LOS ANGELES, CA – Octuplet mom Nadya Suleman
launched a website to solicit donations for her family, but
it was immediately hacked by a group of vigilante
mothers!
The website originally featured photos of all eight
octuplets, a thank you note from Suleman, images of
children’s toys and a large donation button for viewers to
send money through. Suleman also provided an address
where people can send items such as diapers and formula.
Suleman was perhaps not prepared for the backlash she
was to receive, as the site was hacked and brought down
within hours. The original homepage was left up but
defaced, as seen in the screenshot.
The site was tagged by the famous hacker group MOD,
also known as the Mothers of Disappointment. The
mysterious group has a history of attacking personal
sites they disapprove of, including Britney Spears when
she infamously hung dry her sons on a clothes line after
a bath, and Angelina Jolie for being Angelina Jolie.
Weekly World News could not reach any members for
comment, however reporters did receive a short note
from an anonymous e-mail address:
mod will not tolerate the selfish acts of bad parenting
we will remain true to our mission despite any setbacks
viva la maternity
(call your mother, she misses you)
The site has since been restored, and Suleman’s PR
representative has stated they are now taking extra
security measures to arm against future attacks.
Online frauds
 Fraud that is committed using the internet is “online
fraud.” Online fraud can involve financial fraud and
identity theft.
 Online fraud comes in many forms.
 viruses that attack computers with the goal of retrieving
personal information, to email schemes that lure victims into
wiring money to fraudulent sources,
 “phishing” emails that purport to be from official entities
(such as banks or the Internal Revenue Service) that solicit
personal information from victims to be used to commit
identity theft,
 to fraud on online auction sites (such as Ebay) where
perpetrators sell fictional goods.
 E-Mail spoofing to make the user to enter the personal
information : financial fraud
 Illegal intrusion: log-in to a computer illegally by having
previously obtained actual password. Creates a new identity
fooling the computer that the hacker is the genuine operator.
Pornographic offenses: Child pornography
Means any visual depiction, including but not
limited to the following:
1. Any photograph that can be considered
obscene and/ or unsuitable for the age of
child viewer.
2. Film ,video, picture;
3. Obscene Computer generated image or
picture
How do they Operate
1. Pedophiles use false identity to trap the
children/teenagers
2. Pedophiles contact children/teens in various chat rooms
which are used by children/teen to interact with other
children/teen.
3. Befriend the child/teen.
4. Extract personal information from the child/teen by
winning his confidence.
5. Gets the e-mail address of the child/teen and starts
making contacts on the victims e-mail address as well.
6. Starts sending pornographic images/text to the victim
including child pornographic images in order to help
child/teen shed his inhibitions so that a feeling is created
in the mind of the victim that what is being fed to him is
normal and that everybody does it.
7. Extract personal information from child/teen
Software piracy
Theft of software through the illegal copying
of genuine programs or the counterfeiting
and distribution of products intended to pass
for the original.
End-user copying
Hard disk loading with illicit means
Counterfeiting
Illegal downloads from internet
Buying Pirated software have a lot to lose:
Getting untested software that may have
been copied thousands of times.
Potentially contain hard-ware infecting
viruses
No technical support in case of software
failure
No warranty protection
No legal right to use the product
Computer sabotage
 Computer sabotage involves deliberate attacks intended to
disable computers or networks for the purpose of disrupting
commerce, education and recreation for personal gain,
committing espionage, or facilitating criminal conspiracies.
 Through viruses, worms, logic bombs
 Chernobyl virus
 The Chernobyl virus is a computer virus with a potentially
devastating payload that destroys all computer data when an
infected file is executed.,
 Y2K virus
 Y2K bug, also called Year 2000 bug or Millennium Bug, a
problem in the coding of computerized systems that was
projected to create havoc in computers and computer networks
around the world at the beginning of the year 2000
 E-mail bombing/mail bombs
In Internet usage, an email bomb is a form of
net abuse consisting of sending huge volumes
of email to an address in an attempt to
overflow the mailbox or overwhelm the server
where the email address is hosted in a denial-
of-service attack.
Construct a computer to repeatedly send E-
mail to a specified person’s E-mail address.
Can overwhelm the recipient’s personal
account and potentially shut down the entire
system.
Computer network intrusions
An intrusion to computer network from any
where in the world and steal data, plant
viruses, create backdoors, insert trojan horse
or change passwords and user names.
An intrusion detection system (IDS) inspects
all inbound and outbound network activity and
identifies suspicious patterns that may indicate
a network or system attack from someone
attempting to break into or compromise a
system.
The practice of strong password
Password sniffing
Password sniffers are programs that monitor
and record the name and password of
network users as they login, jeopardizing
security at a site.
through sniffers installed, anyone can
impersonate an authorized user and login to
access restricted documents.
Credit card frauds
Credit card fraud is a wide-ranging term for
theft and fraud committed using or involving
a payment card, such as a credit card or
debit card, as a fraudulent source of funds in
a transaction.
The purpose may be to obtain goods without
paying, or to obtain unauthorized funds from
an account.
Credit card fraud is also an adjunct to
identity theft.
Identity theft
Identity theft is a fraud involving another person’s
identity for an illicit purpose.
The criminal uses someone else’s identity for his/ her
own illegal purposes.
Phishing and identity theft are related offenses
Examples:
 Fraudulently obtaining credit
 Stealing money from victim’s bank account
 Using victim’s credit card number
 Establishing accounts with utility companies
 Renting an apartment
 Filing bankruptcy using the victim’s name
Real life cases
 Dr. Gerald Barnes
Gerald Barnbaum lost his pharmacist license after
committing Medicaid fraud. He stole the identity of
Dr. Gerald Barnes and practiced medicine under his
name. A type 1 diabetic died under his care. “Dr.
Barnes” even worked as a staff physician for a center
that gave exams to FBI agents. He’s currently serving
hard time.
 Andrea Harris-Frazier
Margot Somerville lost her wallet on a trolley. Two
years later she was arrested. Andrea Harris-Frazier
had defrauded several banks—using Somerville’s
identity—out of tens of thousands of dollars. The real
crook was caught.
 Abraham Abdallah
A busboy named Abraham Abdallah got into the bank
accounts of Steven Spielberg and other famous people
Cybercrime:
the legal perspective
Cybercrime possess a mammoth challenge
Computer crime: Criminal Justice Resource
Manual(1979)
Any illegal act for which knowledge of
computer technology is essential for a
successful prosecution.
International legal aspects of computer
crimes were studied in 1983
Encompasses any illegal act for which the
knowledge of computer technology is essential
for its perpetration
Cybercrime:
the legal perspective
The network context of cyber crime make it
one of the most globalized offenses of the
present and most modernized threats of the
future.
Solution:
Divide information system into segments
bordered by state boundaries.
 Not possible and unrealistic because of
globalization
Or incorporate the legal system into an
integrated entity obliterating these state
boundaries.
Cybercrimes: An Indian Perspective
India has the fourth highest number of
internet users in the world.
45 million internet users in India
37% - in cybercafes
57% are between 18 and 35 years
The Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000,
specifies the acts which are punishable. The
primary objective of this Act is to create an
enabling environment for commercial use of
I.T.
Cybercrimes: An Indian Perspective
217 cases were registered under IT Act
during the year 2007 as compared to 142
cases during the previous year (2006)
Thereby reporting an increase of 52.8% in
2007 over 2006.
22.3% cases (49out of 217 cases) were
reported from Maharashtra followed by
Karnataka (40), Kerala (38) and Andhra
Pradesh and Rajasthan (16 each).
Cybercrimes: An Indian Perspective
Incidence of Cyber Crimes in
Cities
17 out of 35 mega cities did not report any case of Cyber
Crime i.e, neither under the IT Act nor under IPC Sections)
during the year 2007.
 17 mega cities have reported 118 cases under IT Act and 7
megacities reported 180 cases undervarious section of IPC.
 There was an increase of 32.6% (from 89 cases in 2006 to 118
cases in 2007) in cases under IT Act as compared to previous
year (2006),
 and an increase of 26.8% (from 142 cases in 2006 to 180
cases in 2007) of cases registered under various section of IPC
 Bengaluru (40), Pune (14) and Delhi (10) cities have reported
high incidence of cases (64 out of 118 cases) registered under
IT Act, accounting for more than half of the cases (54.2%)
reported under the Act.