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Probability

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Probability

Uploaded by

alinoon3991
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GENERAL SCIENCE &

ABILITY
Probability
DEFINITION
• Probability is a measure of the likelihood or chance of
an event occurring. It is expressed as a number
between 0 and 1, where 0 indicates an impossible event
and 1 indicates a certain event. The probability of an
event A is denoted as P(A).
BASIC CONCEPTS
• 1. Sample Space:
• The sample space is the set of all possible outcomes of an
experiment. For example, when rolling a fair six-sided die, the sample
space is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
• 2. Event:
• An event is a subset of the sample space, representing a specific
outcome or a combination of outcomes. For example, getting an even
number when rolling a die is an event represented as {2, 4, 6}.
• 3. Probability of an Event:
The probability of an event A, denoted as P(A), is calculated as the ratio of the
number of favorable outcomes to the total number of possible outcomes in the sample
space. Mathematically, it is expressed as:
BASIC CONCEPTS
BASIC CONCEPTS
• Mutually Exclusive Events:
• Two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot both
occur at the same time. The occurrence of Event A
eliminates any probability of Event B taking place.
• Exhaustive Events:
• Exhaustive events are a set of events in a sample
space such that one of them compulsorily occurs while
performing the experiment. In simple words, we can say
that all the possible events in a sample space of an
experiment constitute exhaustive events.
BASIC CONCEPTS
• Sampling refers to the process of selecting a subset of
individuals, items, or data points from a larger
population or dataset in order to make inferences,
predictions, or generalizations about the entire
population. In various fields such as statistics, market
research, social sciences, and data analysis, sampling is
a fundamental technique used to gather information
about a population without having to study every
individual or element within that population.
BASIC CONCEPTS
• Impossible event: The probability of an
occurrence/event impossible to happen is 0. Such an
event is called an impossible event.
• Sure event: The probability of an event that is sure to
occur is 1. Such an event is known as a sure event or a
certain event.
• Use:
• Probability theory is widely used in various fields such
as mathematics, statistics, economics, science, and
engineering to model uncertain outcomes and make
predictions based on available information.
Complementary Events
• If P(E) is the probability of an event and P(not E) is the probability
of an event not happening, then:
• P(E) + P(not E) = 1
• P(not E) = 1-P(E)
• Question:
• Two players, Sangeet and Rashmi, play a tennis match. The
probability of Sangeet winning the match is 0.62. What is the
probability that Rashmi will win the match?
QUESTIONS
• 1. Two coins are tossed 500 times, and we get:
• Two heads: 105 times
• One head: 275 times
• No head: 120 times
• Find the probability of each event to occur.

• 2. One card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards, well-


shuffled. Calculate the probability that the card will
• (i) be an ace,
• (ii) not be an ace.
QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS
• Two coins (a one rupee coin and a two rupee
coin) are tossed once. Find a sample space.

• Consider the experiment of rolling a die. Let A be


the event ‘getting a prime number’, B be the
event ‘getting an odd number’. Write the sets
representing the events.
QUESTIONS
1.Write the sample space for rolling two dice.
2.If two coins are tossed simultaneously, what is the
probability of getting exactly two heads?
3.From a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards, what is the
probability of getting a king?
4.In a bag, there are 5 red balls and 7 black balls. What is
the probability of getting a black ball?
5.If the probability of an event happening is 0.7, then
what is the probability of an event that will not happen?
1. Classification of blood groups is based on the presence or
absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red
blood cells. In a survey of British population the blood group
distribution among 1000 people was as follows: 300 had blood
group A, 325 had blood group B, 250 had O and 125 AB. Out of
this group a person was selected at random, calculate his
probability of having blood group AB. (CSS 2016)
• 2.
• Blood groups of inhabitants of a village were checked. It was found that 600
people possessed blood group A, 650 possessed blood group B, 550 had blood
group AB and 200 have blood group O. Calculate the probability of having blood
group B. (ii) Calculate the probability of having blood group O.
QUESTIONS

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