1

Chapter 3 Selections

Liang, Introduction to
Java Programming,
Seventh Edition, (c) 2009
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
0136012671
 2

The boolean Type and Operators

The result of a comparison is a Boolean
value: true or false.

boolean b = (1 > 2);

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 3

Comparison Operators
Operator Name
< less than
<= less than or equal to
> greater than
>= greater than or equal to
== equal to
!= not equal to
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 4

Boolean Operators
Operator Name
! not
&& and
|| or
^ exclusive or

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 5

Examples
System.out.println("Is " + number + " divisible by 2 and 3? " +
((number % 2 == 0) && (number % 3 == 0)));

System.out.println("Is " + number + " divisible by 2 or 3? " +

((number % 2 == 0) || (number % 3 == 0)));

System.out.println("Is " + number +

" divisible by 2 or 3, but not both? " +
((number % 2 == 0) ^ (number % 3 == 0)));

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 6
Problem: Determining Leap
Year?
This program first prompts the user to enter a year as
an int value and checks if it is a leap year.
A year is a leap year if it is divisible by 4 but not by
100, or it is divisible by 400.
(year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400
== 0)

LeapYear Run
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 7
Problem: A Simple Math Learning
Tool
This example creates a program to let a first grader
practice additions. The program randomly
generates two single-digit integers number1 and
number2 and displays a question such as “What is
7 + 9?” to the student. After the student types the
answer, the program displays a message to indicate
whether the answer is true or false.

AdditionQuiz Run
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 8
Companion
Website

The & and | Operators

Supplement III.B, “The & and | Operators”

&& and || are short-circuit operators

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 9
Companion
Website

The & and | Operators

If x is 1, what is x after this
expression?
(x > 1) & (x++ < 10)

If x is 1, what is x after this

expression?
(1 > x) && ( 1 > x++)

How about (1 == x) | (10 > x++)?

(1 == x) || (10 > x++)?

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
 10

Selection Statements
 if Statements
 switch Statements
 Conditional Operators

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
 11
Simple if Statements
if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius * radius * PI;
if (booleanExpression) { System.out.println("The area"
statement(s);
}
+ " for the circle of radius "
+ radius + " is " + area);
}
false false
Boolean (radius >= 0)
Expression

true true

Statement(s) area = radius * radius * PI;

System.out.println("The area for the circle of " +
"radius " + radius + " is " + area);

(A) (B)
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 12

Note

Outer parentheses required Braces can be omitted if the block contains a single
statement

if ((i > 0) && (i < 10)) { Equivalent if ((i > 0) && (i < 10))
System.out.println("i is an " + System.out.println("i is an " +
+ "integer between 0 and 10"); + "integer between 0 and 10");
}
(a) (b)

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rights reserved. 0136012671
 13
Caution
Adding a semicolon at the end of an if clause is a
common mistake.
if (radius >= 0); Wrong
{
area = radius*radius*PI;
System.out.println(
"The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
This mistake is hard to find, because it is not a
compilation error or a runtime error, it is a logic
error.
This error often occurs when you use the next-line
block style.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 14

The if...else Statement

if (booleanExpression) {
statement(s)-for-the-true-case;
}
else {
statement(s)-for-the-false-case;
}

true false
Boolean
Expression

Statement(s) for the true case Statement(s) for the false case

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 15

if...else Example
if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

System.out.println("The area for the “

+ “circle of radius " + radius +
" is " + area);
}
else {
System.out.println("Negative input");
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
 Multiple Alternative if 16

Statements

if (score >= 90.0) if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A'; grade = 'A';
else else if (score >= 80.0)
if (score >= 80.0) Equivalent grade = 'B';
grade = 'B'; else if (score >= 70.0)
else grade = 'C';
if (score >= 70.0) else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'C'; grade = 'D';
else else
if (score >= 60.0) grade = 'F';
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
animation 17
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
else if (score >= 70.0)
grade = 'C';
else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
animation 18
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
else if (score >= 70.0)
grade = 'C';
else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
animation 19
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is true

if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
else if (score >= 70.0)
grade = 'C';
else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
animation 20
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 grade is C

if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
else if (score >= 70.0)
grade = 'C';
else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
animation 21
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 Exit the if statement

if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
else if (score >= 70.0)
grade = 'C';
else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
 22
Note
The else clause matches the most recent if
clause in the same block.
int i = 1; int i = 1;
int j = 2; int j = 2;
int k = 3; int k = 3;
Equivalent
if (i > j) if (i > j)
if (i > k) if (i > k)
System.out.println("A"); System.out.println("A");
else else
System.out.println("B"); System.out.println("B");
(a) (b)

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
 23
Note, cont.
Nothing is printed from the preceding
statement. To force the else clause to match
the first if clause, you must add a pair of
braces:
int i = 1;
int j = 2;
int k = 3;
if (i > j) {
if (i > k)
System.out.println("A");
}
else
System.out.println("B");
This statement prints B.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
 24

TIP
boolean even;

if (number % 2 == 0) Equivalent
even = true; boolean even
else = number % 2 == 0;
even = false;
(a) (b)

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
 25
CAUTION
Equivalent if (even)
if (even == true)
System.out.println( System.out.println(
"It is even."); "It is even.");
(a) (b)

Avoid using unnecessary = =

unnecessarily as it can lead to
erroneous use of =

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
Problem: An Improved Math Learning 26

Tool
This example creates a program to
teach a first grade child how to learn
subtractions. The program randomly
generates two single-digit integers
number1 and number2 with number1
> number2 and displays a question
such as “What is 9 – 2?” to the
student. After the student types the
answer in the input dialog box, the
program displays a message dialog
box to indicate whether the answer is
correct.
SubtractionQuiz Run
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 27
Problem: Lottery
Randomly generates a lottery of a two-digit
number, prompts the user to enter a two-digit
number, and determines whether the user
wins according to the following rule:

• If the user input matches the lottery in exact order, the

award is $10,000.
• If the user input matches the lottery, the award is
$3,000.
• If one digit in the user input matches a digit in the
lottery, the award is $1,000.

Lottery Run
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 28

switch Statements
switch (status) {
case 0: compute taxes for single filers;
break;
case 1: compute taxes for married file jointly;
break;
case 2: compute taxes for married file separately;
break;
case 3: compute taxes for head of household;
break;
default: System.out.println("Errors: invalid
status");
System.exit(0);
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
 29
switch Statement Flow
Chart
status is 0
Compute tax for single filers break

status is 1
Compute tax for married file jointly break

status is 2
Compute tax for married file separatly break

status is 3
Compute tax for head of household break

default
Default actions

Next Statement

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
 30
switch Statement Rules
The switch-expression
must yield a value of char, switch (switch-expression) {
byte, short, or int type and
must always be enclosed case value1: statement(s)1;
in parentheses. break;
case value2: statement(s)2;
The value1, ..., and valueN must break;
have the same data type as the
…
value of the switch-expression.
The resulting statements in the case valueN: statement(s)N;
case statement are executed when break;
the value in the case statement default: statement(s)-for-default;
matches the value of the switch-
}
expression. Note that value1, ...,
and valueN are constant
expressions, meaning that they
cannot contain variables in the
expression, such as 1 + x.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
 31
switch Statement Rules
The keyword break is
switch (switch-expression) {
optional, but it should be
used at the end of each case case value1: statement(s)1;
in order to terminate the
remainder of the switch break;
statement. If the break
statement is not present, the case value2: statement(s)2;
next case statement will be break;
executed.
…
case valueN: statement(s)N;
The default case, which is break;
optional, can be used to perform default: statement(s)-for-default;
actions when none of the
specified cases matches the }
switch-expression. The case statements are executed in sequential
order, but the order of the cases (including the
default case) does not matter. However, it is good
programming style to follow the logical sequence of
the cases and place the default case at the end.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
animation 32

Trace switch statement

Suppose ch is 'a':

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
animation 33

Trace switch statement

ch is 'a':

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
animation 34

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
animation 35

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
animation 36

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
animation 37

Trace switch statement

Execute next statement

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

Next statement;

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
animation 38

Trace switch statement

Suppose ch is 'a':

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
animation 39

Trace switch statement

ch is 'a':

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
animation 40

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
animation 41

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
animation 42

Trace switch statement

Execute next statement

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

Next statement;

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
 43
Conditional Operator
if (x > 0)
y=1
else
y = -1;
is equivalent to
y = (x > 0) ? 1 : -1;
(booleanExpression) ? expression1 :
expression2
Ternary operator
Binary operator
Unary operator
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
 44

Unlike C++
Integers are not boolean values and cannot
be used in conditional expressions.
Convert int i to boolean b:
b=(i!=0);
Convert boolean b to into i:
i=(b)?1:0;

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
 45

Operator Precedence
• var++, var--
• +, - (Unary plus and minus), ++var,--var
• (type) Casting
• ! (Not)
• *, /, % (Multiplication, division, and remainder)
• +, - (Binary addition and subtraction)
• <, <=, >, >= (Comparison)
• ==, !=; (Equality)
• ^ (Exclusive OR)
• && (Conditional AND) Short-circuit AND
• || (Conditional OR) Short-circuit OR
• =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= (Assignment operator)

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
 46
Operator Precedence and Associativity
The expression in the parentheses is evaluated
first. (Parentheses can be nested, in which case
the expression in the inner parentheses is
executed first.) When evaluating an expression
without parentheses, the operators are applied
according to the precedence rule and the
associativity rule.

If operators with the same precedence are next

to each other, their associativity determines the
order of evaluation. All binary operators except
assignment operators are left-associative.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
 47

Operator Associativity
When two operators with the same
precedence are evaluated, the
associativity of the operators
determines the order of evaluation. All
binary operators except assignment
operators are left-associative.
a – b + c – d is equivalent to ((a – b) +
c) – d
Assignment operators are right-
associative. Therefore, the expression
a = b += c = 5 is equivalent to a = (b
+= (c = 5))
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671
 48

Example
Applying the operator precedence and
associativity rule, the expression 3 + 4 * 4
> 5 * (4 + 3) - 1 is evaluated as follows:

3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) - 1
(1) inside parentheses first
3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * 7 – 1
(2) multiplication
3 + 16 > 5 * 7 – 1
(3) multiplication
3 + 16 > 35 – 1
(4) addition
19 > 35 – 1
(5) subtraction
19 > 34
(6) greater than
false
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0136012671