Lesson 1.

The Big Bang Theory and the

Formation of Light Elements
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 Learning Competency

At the end of this lesson, the given DepEd learning

competency should be met by the students.

● Give evidence for and explain the formation of

the light elements in the big bang theory
(S11/12PS-IIIa-1).
Learning Objective

At the end of this lesson, learners

should be able to do the following:

●Give evidence for and explain the

formation of the light elements in
the big bang theory.
Time passes
as our home
planet, Earth,
orbits a star
in the Milky
Way galaxy.
Earth is just a tiny part
of the vast complex
universe.
Did you ever wonder
how the universe came
into existence?
 Try it!
Warm-Up
Expanding Universe Balloon Model
Activity
This activity will demonstrate a practical model of the big
bang theory.

• draw six dots • measure the • measure the

• measure the Inflate the distance Inflate the distance
distance balloon five between balloon five between
Partly home dot home dot
inflate the between centimeters centimeters
home dot bigger than and each of bigger than and each of
balloon.
and each of the first the other the second the other
the other inflation. dots inflation. dots
dots
Try it!
Warm-Up

1.TIREDEUMU 1.DEUTERIUM
2.RUTIITM 2.TRITIUM
3.MUHELI 3.HELIUM
4.HIUILTM 4.LITHIUM
5.YRELBLMIU 5.BERYLLIUM
6.GIGBANB 6.BIGBANG
7.OENUHSLYSN 7.NUCLEOSYNT
TEISC HESIS
8.SETEMLNE 8.ELEMENTS
9.ULGNISYRIAT 9.SINGULARITY
 Learn about It

Cosmology

the body of science that studies the origin, evolution, and

eventual fate of the universe.
 Learn about It

Cosmology
● Religious or mythological cosmology
explains the origin of universe and life
based on the religious beliefs of a specific
tradition
● The concept of creatio ex nihilo
● God creating the universe as written in
the book of Genesis
 Learn about It

Cosmology
Physical cosmology explains the origin of universe
based on scientific insights, studies, and experiments
● Nicolaus Copernicus and the heliocentric nature of
the universe
● The expanding universe through Albert Einstein’s
theory of relativity
● The big bang theory
 Learn about It

Big Bang Theory

a cosmological model that describes how the universe
started its expansion about 13.8 billion years ago, states
that the universe continues to move and expand.
 Learn about It

Big Bang Theory

1. The universe began as a singularity or a point
containing all space, time, matter, and energy.
2. It expanded rapidly in nothingness through a rapid
yet peaceful process called inflation.
3. The universe cooled down as it expanded.
 Learn about It

Big Bang Theory

4.A soup of matter in the form of subatomic particles was
formed and nuclei of light atoms were created via
nucleosynthesis or nuclear fusion between protons
and neutrons.
5.Electrons interacted with these nuclei to form actual,
primordial atoms via the process of recombination.
 Learn about It

Big Bang Theory

Evidence
1.Vesto Slipher and Carl Wilhelm Wirtz (1910)
● Measurement of redshift
● Observed that most spiral galaxies were moving
away from the earth
2.Georges Lemaître (1927)
● Proposed alternative idea that the universe is
expanding
 Learn about It

Big Bang Theory

Evidence
3.Edwin Hubble (1929)
● Calculated distances between the earth and
several galaxies using redshift of light
● Observed distant galaxies were moving away from
the Earth and one another
 Learn about It

Big Bang Theory

Evidence
4.Robert Wilson and Arno Penzias (1965)
● Discovered cosmic microwave background
radiation (CMBR)—a low, steady humming noise
believed to be energy remains
5.Modern astronomy (2014)
● Universe is estimated to be 13.8 billion years old
with 5% of its composition existing as ordinary
matter
 Learn about It

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

● Big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN), also

known as primordial nucleosynthesis, is the
process of producing the light elements during
the big bang expansion
● It yields two stable isotopes of hydrogen, two
isotopes of helium, some lithium atoms, and
beryllium isotopes
 Learn about It

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

1. A proton (p) and a neutron (n) may fuse together to
yield a high-energy photon (γ) and an isotope of
hydrogen (H) called deuterium (D or 2H, with one p
and one n).

● The deuterium bottleneck can be traced to its low binding

energy and eventual destruction by photons at very high
temperatures.
 Learn about It

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

2. Two D nuclei may fuse together to form either of the
following:
a. The radioactive H isotope tritium (T or 3H, with one p and two
n) and one p ; or

b. The isotope helium-3 (He-3 or 3He, with two p and one n)

along with one n
 Learn about It
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
3. Helium-4 (He-4 or 4He, with two p and two n) may be
formed from three fusion reactions.
a. The fusion of one p and a T atom

b. The fusion of D with T

c. The fusion of D with He-3

 Learn about It

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

● He-4 has a binding energy of 28 MeV. Further fusion

products were a rarity since these resulting atoms had
binding energies lower than this amount mentioned
above.
 Learn about It

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

4. He-4 may still undergo further fusion in the presence
of a T atom, yielding the lithium-7 atom (Li-7 or
7
Li, with three p and four n) and a γ.

Li-7 may react with one p to produce two stable He-

4 nuclei.
 Learn about It

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

5. He-4 may also fuse with He-3 to yield the unstable
isotope beryllium-7 (Be-7 or 7Be, with four p and
three n) along with one γ.
 Learn about It

The nuclear reactions as predicted by the big bang nucleosynthesis

 Learn about It

Big Bang Theory

● The correlation between predicted and observed
cosmic abundances of H and He was the major proof
of the big bang theory.
• Almost all available neutrons have combined with
protons, forming 24% He-4 by mass.
• About 74% H by mass remained uncombined.
 Learn about It

Big Bang Theory

●To verify these observations, scientists

measured abundances of primordial
material in unprocessed gas in some
parts of the universe with no stars, as
well as in parts of meteorites known as
chondrites that commonly fall to
Earth.
 Key Points

• The big bang theory is a cosmological model

that describes how the universe started its
expansion about 13.8 billion years ago.
• Big bang nucleosynthesis is the process of
producing the light elements during the big
bang expansion.
• The correlation between the predicted and
observed cosmic abundances of hydrogen and
helium was the major proof of the big bang
 Check Your Understanding

Complete the following nucleosynthesis

diagram:
 Bibliography

Atkins, Peter, and Tina Overton. Shriver and Atkins' Inorganic Chemistry. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2010.

“Big Bang Activity.” The Monroe Career & Technical Institute. Accessed September 24,
2021. https://www.monroecti.org/cms/lib07/PA03000492/Centricity/Domain/37/Big%20Bang
%20Activity.pdf.

Greshko, Michael, and National Geographic Staff. “The Origins of the Universe, Explained.”
National Geographic. National Geographic Partners, LLC. Accessed December 8, 20216.
http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/universe/origins-universe-article.

Langer, N. “Nucleosynthesis.” Argelander-Institut für Astronomie. Bonn University, 2012.

https://astro.uni-bonn.de/~nlanger/siu_web/nucscript/Nucleo.pdf.

“The Big Bang.” NASA Science. NASA. Accessed December 8, 2016.

http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang.