Kinds of software

• Commercial Software
• Commercial software is any software or program that’s designed and
developed for licensing or sale to end users or that serves a
commercial purpose. Commercial software was once considered
proprietary software.
• Freeware is software which the users can use free of cost. Moreover,
there are no restrictions on the use limit, the number of times one
can download the software, etc. Besides, it depends on the owner of
the software to pose the restrictions. Some organizations keep
restrictions on distribution or modification while others may not.
• Examples of Freeware
• Examples are as follows:
• Adobe PDF
• Yahoo Messenger
• Google Talk
• MSN messenger
• Skype
• VLC Player
• LibreOffice
• Microsoft Edge etc.
Advantages of Freeware
• One may think that why a developer or an organization will sell its software free
of cost. But, there are few reasons to make such software. They are as follows:
• To promote a particular brand.
• To promote a program of a non-profit organization or an educational institute..
• Many companies earn revenues by advertising or in-app purchases.
• Offering a ‘lite’ version of the software to attract people towards the full version.
• Earning revenues by downloads.
• People who cannot afford to pay money can buy this software.
• There is no time limit for usage.
Disadvantages of Freeware

• Maintenance Charges: After selling the software the company has to

spend money to maintain the software and pay its developers.
• Errors Handling: If there are any bugs the organization has to correct
them free of cost.
• Source Code Access: Users are not having any right on the source
code. Hence, they cannot make any changes according to themselves.
• Distribution: Users have no right to distribute the code further.
• Copyright: The users need to follow certain copyright rules. Besides,
they cannot use the software without following these rules.
public domain software
• Public domain software is any software that has no legal, copyright or
editing restrictions associated with it. It is free and open-source
software that can be publicly modified, distributed or sold without
any restrictions. SQLite, Android, Linux, Apache Server, Ionic,
MySQL, etc. examples of public domain software.
• The software can be cost-free or chargeable.
 Difference Between Free
Software and Freeware
Free Software Freeware

It is software in which the source code is available to the

users. Furthermore, users can view, modify, and enhance
They are easily available which anyone can download
the software. They can also distribute the software
and use free of cost.
further. Moreover, they are less costly but not free of
cost.

A license is not usually required. Both license and copyright are important.

Further distribution by users is free of cost. Distribution is free of cost.

Features are free. Features are free.

Examples are Google Talk, Yahoo Messenger, MSN

Examples are Mozilla Firefox, Linux, etc.
Messenger, etc.
What is a search engine?

• A search engine is an online tool that is designed to search for websites on the internet
based on the user’s search query.
• Every time a web crawler finds a new webpage through a link, it scans and passes its
content for further processing (called indexing) and continues in the discovery of new
webpages.
• Indexing
• the process of validating and storing the content from the webpages in the search engine’s
database called “index”. It is basically a big library of all the websites.
• Ranking
• includes picking the best results and creating a list of pages that will appear on the result
page.
• Every search engine uses dozens of ranking signals and most of them are kept as a secret,
unavailable to the public.
 search engine works
• The search engine works by employing the different algorithm is a term used to define a
complex system of several algorithms that evaluates all the indexed pages and determines
which of them should appear in the search results for a given query.
• For example, the Google algorithm uses dozens of factors (many of them are well-known, while
some of them are kept a secret) in several areas such as:
• Meaning of the query (understanding what the user means by using the exact words they
used, what is the search intent, etc.)
• Page relevance (the search engine needs to find out whether the page answers the search
query)
• Content quality (the algorithms determine whether the webpages are an excellent source of
information based on internal and external factors; number and quality of backlinks are
important factors here)
• Page usability (considers the quality of webpage from the technical standpoint –
responsiveness, page speed, security, etc.)
Search engine optimization
• Besides providing useful information for their users, search engines
can also help brands to promote their websites.
• Optimizing your website for the relevant search queries is an
important part of any online marketing strategy since it can drive
more traffic to your webpages.
• The sum of all the practices and techniques the website owners do to
improve their search rankings is called Search Engine Optimization
(SEO).
What are the most popular
search engines?
Web browser
• A web browser is a type of software that allows you to find and view websites on the Internet. Even if you
didn't know it, you're using a web browser right now to read this page! There are many different web
browsers, but some of the most common ones include Google Chrome, Safari, and Mozilla Firefox.
• List of web brosers
• Firefox
• Google Chrome
• Microsoft Edge
• Apple Safari
• Opera
• Brave
• Vivaldi
• DuckDuckgo
• Chromium
• Epic
Computer Virus Definition

• Chances are you’ve heard how important it is to keep viruses out, but
what is a computer virus exactly? A computer virus is a type of malicious
software, or malware, that spreads between computers and causes
damage to data and software.
• Computer viruses aim to disrupt systems, cause major operational issues,
and result in data loss and leakage. A key thing to know about computer
viruses is that they are designed to spread across programs and systems.
Computer viruses typically attach to an executable host file, which results
in their viral codes executing when a file is opened. The code then
spreads from the document or software it is attached to via networks,
drives, file-sharing programs, or infected email attachments.
Common Signs of Computer
Viruses
• Speed of System
• A computer system running slower than usual is one of the most
common signs that the device has a virus. This includes the system itself
running slowly, as well as applications and internet speed suffering. If a
computer does not have powerful applications or programs installed and
is running slowly, then it may be a sign it is infected with a virus.
• Pop-up Windows
• Unwanted pop-up windows appearing on a computer or in a web
browser are a telltale sign of a computer virus. Unwanted pop-ups are a
sign of malware, viruses, or spyware affecting a device
Common Signs of Computer
Viruses
• Programs Self-executing
• If computer programs unexpectedly close by themselves, then it is highly
likely that the software has been infected with some form of virus or
malware. Another indicator of a virus is when applications fail to load
when selected from the Start menu or their desktop icon. Every time that
happens, your next step should be to perform a virus scan and remove
any files on programs that might not be safe to use.
• Accounts Being Logged Out
• Some viruses are designed to affect specific applications, which will either
cause them to crash or force the user to automatically log out of the
service
Common Signs of Computer
Viruses
• Crashing of the Device
• System crashes and the computer itself unexpectedly closing down are common indicators of a
virus. Computer viruses cause computers to act in a variety of strange ways, which may include
opening files by themselves, displaying unusual error messages, or clicking keys at random.
• Mass Emails Being Sent from Your Email Account
• Computer viruses are commonly spread via email. Hackers can use other people's email
accounts to spread malware and carry out wider cyberattacks. Therefore, if an email account
has sent emails in the outbox that a user did not send, then this could be a sign of a computer
virus.
• Changes to Your Homepage
• Any unexpected changes to a computer—such as your system’s homepage being amended or
any browser settings being updated—are signs that a computer virus may be present on the
device.
Common Antivirus Software
• McAfee Antivirus Plus
• Norton 360 With LifeLock
• Trend Micro Antivirus+ Security
• Webroot SecureAnywhere
• Malwarebytes
Database

• What is Data?
• Data is a collection of a distinct small unit of information. It can be
used in a variety of forms like text, numbers, media, bytes, etc. it can
be stored in pieces of paper or electronic memory, etc.
• Word 'Data' is originated from the word 'datum' that means 'single
piece of information.' It is plural of the word datum.
• In computing, Data is information that can be translated into a form
for efficient movement and processing. Data is interchangeable.
What is Database?
• A database is an organized collection of data, so that it can be easily accessed and
managed.
• You can organize data into tables, rows, columns, and index it to make it easier to find
relevant information.
• Database handlers create a database in such a way that only one set of software
program provides access of data to all the users.
• The main purpose of the database is to operate a large amount of information by
storing, retrieving, and managing data.
• There are many dynamic websites on the World Wide Web nowadays which are handled
through databases. For example, a model that checks the availability of rooms in a hotel.
It is an example of a dynamic website that uses a database.
• There are many databases available like MySQL, Sybase, Oracle, MongoDB, Informix,
PostgreSQL, SQL Server, etc.
Best Database Software
• #1) Microsoft SQL
• SQL Server is RDBMS developed by Microsoft. SQL Server supports ANSI SQL, which is the standard
SQL (Structured Query Language) language. However, SQL Server comes with its implementation of
the SQL language, T-SQL (Transact-SQL).
• Platform: Docker Engine, Ubuntu, SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, and Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
• Languages: C, C++, Java, and C#
• Cloud Version: Yes
• Features:
• It provides integration of structured and unstructured data with the power of SQL Server and Spark.
• The tool offers scalability, performance, and availability for mission-critical, intelligent applications,
data warehouses, and data lakes.
• It offers advanced security features to protect your data.
• Access to rich, interactive Power BI reports, to make a faster and better decision.
Best Database Software
• #2) MySQL
• MySQL is an open-source relational database which runs on a number of different platforms
such as Windows, Linux, and Mac OS, etc.
•
Platform: Linux, Windows, and Mac.
• Languages: C, Java, SQL, C++, Perl, Python, Tcl, and PHP.
• Cloud Version: Yes
• Features:
• This open source database tool provides Scalability and Flexibility
• This free online SQL database tool has web and data warehouse strengths
• It provides high Performance
• This free database software for Windows 10 has Robust Transactional Support
• #3) PostgreSQL
• PostgreSQL is an enterprise-class open source database
management system. It is one of the best free databases that
supports both SQL for relational and JSON for non-relational
queries. It is backed by an experienced community of developers
who have made a tremendous contribution to make it highly
reliable Database management software.
• Platform: Mac, Windows, and Linux.
• Languages: PL/Tcl, PL/pgSQL, PL/Python, and PL/Perl.
• Cloud Version: No.
• #4) MongoDB
• MongoDB is a document-oriented NoSQL database used for high
volume data storage. It is an open source database which came into
light around the mid-2000s. It is one of the best free database that
falls under the category of a NoSQL database.
•
latform: Cross-platform
• Languages: C#, C, Java, C++, Perl, Scala, Ruby, etc.
• Cloud Version: Yes
• #5) OrientDB
• OrientDB is an open-source NoSQL multi-model database which helps
organizations to unlock the power of graph databases without
deploying multiple systems to handle other data types. This helps you
to increase performance and security while supporting scalability.
•
Platform: Linux, Mac OS X, Windows, Solaris, and HP-UX
• Languages: Java, PHP, Nodejs, .NET, Python, C, JavaScript, Ruby, Scala,
Elixir, Android, Perl.
• Cloud Version: Yes
• #6) MariaDB
• MariaDB is a junction of the MySQL database management system. It
is created by its original developers. This DBMS tool provides data
capabilities for both small and enterprise tasks
• Platform: Windows, Linux, and Mac.
• Languages: C#, Java, C++, Python, etc.
• Cloud Version: Yes
• abilities for both small and enterprise tasks.
• 7) SQLite
• SQLite is an open-source, embedded, relational database
management system, designed circa 2000. It is a database, with zero
configuration, no requirements of a server or installation. Despite its
simplicity, it is laden with popular features of database management
systems.
• Platform: Blackberry, Symbian, Maemo, Android, MeeGo, WebOS,
NetBSD, FreeBSD, illumos, Solaris 10, Windows, and Tizen.
• Languages: C, C#, C++, Java, PHP, Python, Ruby, etc.
• Cloud Version: Yes
• #08) Oracle
• Oracle is self-repairing, self-securing, and self-driving designed to
eliminate manual data management. It is an intelligent, secure, and
highly available database in the cloud that helps you to grow your
business.
• Platform: Windows and Linux
• Languages: C++, COBOL, C, Java, Visual Basic, and Pl/SQL.
• Cloud Version: Yes
• #9) DynamoDB
• Amazon DynamoDB is a nonrelational database. This database system
provides consistent latency and offers built-in security and in-memory
caching. DynamoDB is a serverless database which scales
automatically and backs up your data for protection.
• Platform: Cross-platform
• Languages: Go, Node.js, Java, .NET, C#, Ruby, Python, PHP, and Perl.
• Cloud Version: Yes