‫المعهد الجزائري للبترول‬

INSTITUT ALGERIEN DU PETROLE

School of Boumerdes
UFR: Drilling and Production

Introduction to production
technology
2016

PRESENTED BY:

SAFOUANE SAIDI
 Course Schedule

 Role of production engineer

 Completion architecture
 Upper completion
 Lower completion
 Modes of production
 Well types
 Well performance
 Well test
 Stimulation
 Operations
 Role of production engineer

The role of production engineer is to bring

the hydrocarbons (Oil or Gas) that exist in
the reservoir in to surface in an optimal
way .
Optimal way means:
High recovery (production),with a minimum
damage to reservoir ,wells and surface
equipment. With taking in to account the cost
of the operation .
 Production position

The production phase comes just after

drilling the well, before the rig leaves the
field.
Production system
 Production system

The production system includes the following

principal components:
The reservoir :The source of hydrocarbons
The wellbore : The production interval
Production Conduit : Comprising the
tubing and the tubing components
Wellhead, Xmas Tree and Flow Lines
Treatment Facilities (e.g. Separator)
KEY SUBJECT AREAS IN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Well Completion
Well Productivity
Well testing
Well Stimulation
Associated Production Problems
Remedial and Workover Techniques
 Artificial Lift / Productivity Enhancement
Surface Processing
The plateau
 Production Vs Reservoir

Reservoir engineer deals with the whole field

or reservoir problems (Modeling , Reservoir
production or injection forecast…)
Production engineer deals with the individual
well problems (production of the well ,
completion design …)
Sometimes the two jobs interfere ,like in well
test ,decision for drilling…
COMPLETION
 Completion

Completion is the equipment of a well with

the necessary elements that ensure the
transport of fluid to surface
A good completion design maximizes the
value of a well during its life ,by maximizing
the production rate (productivity ) and
minimizing the operation costs
Completion must be flexible enough to
undertake future problems .
UPPER COMPLETION
 Tubing
 Tubing refers to the
pipe used to create a
flow conduit inside the
wellbore between the
reservoir and the
wellhead.
 Production tubing is
assembled with other
completion components
to make up the
production string.
 Packers
 A packer is a downhole
device used to provide seal
between the outside of the
tubing and the inside of the
production casing or liner.

• Packer has an outside

diameter that can be
expand against the casing
or the wellbore
 Packers could be :
Permanent or
retrievable

And they can be

opened hydraulically
or by electric option
Well Head – Xmas tree
 Well head

To hang off casing

strings via casing
spools and hangers.
To hang off
production tubing via
tubing hanger.
 Xmas Tree
Combination of Valves
Tree Cap

pressure control
systems located at
Wellhead Production Wing Valve

Functions :
Kill Wing Valve

Choke Valve

 Controller of
Production/Injection
 Control barrier
Upper Master Valve

between Reservoir/Well
& Topside facilities Lower Master Valve

 Permit deployment of
intervention operations
 Side Pocket Mandrels(SPM)
They are joints having
off- centre pockets

Applications :
 As Gas Lift Mandrels
 As Chemical Injection
Valves
 Circulation Devices
for kill fluids
 Landing Nipples
 Short tubular sections with
an internally machined
profile that permits the
landing of various flow
control devices and gauges

 Applications include:
 Plugging tubing for
pressure testing
 setting hydraulic set
packers
 Zonal isolation
 installation of downhole
chokes
 Landing off BHP recorders
 Subsurface Safety Valves
Installed below
wellhead to prevent
uncontrolled flow in
emergency situation
It is surface-
controlled subsurface
safety valves
(SCSSV)
Typical oil well completion
 LOWER
COMPLETION
 Interface between well-bore and reservoir

Completion of this part of the well (reservoir

well bore )or (in French :Liaison couche –
trou) is very sensible and depends on the
formation quality :
Open hole completion
Cased and perforated completion
Uncemented liner
 Open hole completion

The production
casing is set just
above the producing
formation (Target
reservoir).
The bottom of the
reservoi
formation (Productive Reservoi
r
r
zone)is left uncased
 Advantages

Maximum pay zone

Decrease drawn down (Pressure drop)
Less formation damage due to perforation
and cementing
 Disadvantage

Inability to plug off gas or water zones

Inability of selective productive zones
Inability of sand control
Possible collapse (Fr: Effondrement)
 Cased and perforated completion

It is the most found

and secure type of
completion:
The casing is
cemented all through
the production
zone ,than the casing reservoi
r
is perforated using
charges to connect
with the formation.
 Advantages

 Allows Water/Gas Coning Managing

 Suitable for Multiple Completion
 Standard Operations for Selective Stim.
 Reduced Hole Instability Problems
 Disadvantages

Casing Perforations Cost

Formation Damaging for Cement and
Perforations
 Critical Logs Interpretation
 Uncemented liner
( Slotted or pre-perforated liner)

It is used to prevent

sand production in
open-hole formations
The production
casing is set just
above the producing
reservoi
formation, than a r

perforated liner is
hang (suspend) in to
the casing from the
top to be in front of
the productive zone
at the bottom.
 Perforation

In cased cemented

hole ,the casing must
be perforated in order
to create flow between
reservoir and well bore
The perforation is done
with charges.using a
perforating gun
 Perforation

Perforations should be done against good

productive zones (good permeability
and porosity)
Production engineer corporate with
petrophysist to know this zones.

Well Observation Unit Perforation Interval (mMDRT) Height

Top Bottom (m)
W01 OK U1 3115.0 3119.0 4.0
OK M1 3121.0 3125.0 4.0
OK M1 3127.0 3130.0 3.0
OK M1 3132.0 3140.0 8.0
NO L3 3144.0 3148.0 4.0
OK L3 3152.0 3153.0 1.0
SIMPLE AND
MULTIPLE
COMPLETION
Simple completion
Dual completion
Multizone single string completion
PRODUCTION
MODES
 Production modes

 Eruptive mode:
The well is produced by natural depletion of the
reservoir .

 Artificial lift mode:

The well is equipped with special devices to lift
production in to surface , there are different types
of Artificial lift :
 Gas lift
 ESP pump
 Beam pump (sucker rode)
 Others
 Gas lift mode
Gas is injected in to
the well in order to
reduce the
hydrostatic pressure
 Or simply reduce the
density of oil and
permits the fluid
movement in to the
surface
 Gas lift cycle

Gas lift valves and

Gas lift cycle
mandrel
 Sucker Rod Pump
The Horse Head goes
up and down to bring
oil in to surface using
a subsurface moving
pump
Sucker Rod Pump
 ESP Pump
A submersible
Electric pump (ESP)
fixed at the tubing
and activated from
surface
WELL TYPES
 Types of wells

Injection wells
Production wells
Vertical wells Water injection
Horizontal wells wells
Short radius Wells Gas injection wells
Multilateral wells WAG injection wells
(Water alternative
Gas)
 Horizontal wells
 Horizontal wells has
bigger interface with
reservoir.
 Drilling horizontal well is
twice more expansive
than vertical one
 Drilling and completion is
more complicated
 The Odoptu OP-11 well
reached a total measured
depth of 40,502 feet
(12,345 meters Sakhalin
Island (Russia) Drilled by
Exxon Mobil
Multilateral well
 WELL
PERFORMANCE
 Optimization of Well performance

The optimization of the well deliverability and

the well completion is based on the principal
of Nodal Analysis
The well productivity (rate) is inversely
proportional to pressure drops found in the
production system from reservoir in to
separator.
Pressure drops
 IPR & VLP
 The pressure drop which
occurs across the reservoir,
DPRES is defined as the
inflow performance
relationship IPR

 The pressure drop across

the well bore to surface is
known as the vertical lift
performance or VLP, or
the tubing performance
Relationship
 Completion and design optimisation

Using the nodal Analysis principal ,we can

design the well completion :
Tubing size
Perforation density
Artificial lift mode
Rate of injected gas lift…
tubing size optimisation
Perforation optimisation
Gas lift optimsation
WELL TEST
 Well Testing
The principale is to
record the pressure
evaluation by a gauge
situated in the down
hole of the well
Once we have this
pressure Vs time
charts ,we can
interprete the results
using spacial
equations and
softwares
 Well testing objectives

Define reservoir limits (faults)

Estimate average drainage area pressure

Characterize reservoir (permeability, Skin…)

Diagnose productivity problems

Evaluate stimulation treatment effectiveness

 Well test types

DST Drill stem test :Just after drilling

Build up :During the life of the well
Interference test: Between two wells
Fall off test:For injection wells
STIMULATION
 Stimulation

Some times reservoir is damaged by the

drilling mud, or its permeability is not so
important to be produced
This Reservoir needs to be stimulated by:
Acidification
Fracturation
 Acidizing
pumping of acid into
the wellbore to
remove near-well
formation damage,
and so : Enhance the
productivity
 Hydraulic Fracturing

In some reservoirs with important reserves,

permeability is too small (tight reservoirs)
like in shale gas .
The only way to produce the reservoir is to
create fractures to allow the fluid movement
in to the well
This fracturation is done by pumping a very
viscous fluid (gel and propant) in to the
formation with a high pressure
Hydraulic Fracturing
 Acidizing vs fracturing

Acidizing the matrix to Pumping gel to create

remove damage fractures
OPERATIONS
 Wire-line

well-intervention operations conducted using

an electric wire or cable .
 Objectives

Running electric
operations like:
Logging
Setting down hole
gauges
Setting packers
Perforation
Setting plugs to
isolate zones
 Coiled tubing
The coiled tubing is
an operation realized
through a metal
piping of 1’’ to 3.25””
 Objectives

The washing string bottom assembly

Drilling deviated wells
Cementing non desirable zones
Fluid circulation
Can be used as production string like in
depleted gas wells
 Work-over
Big intervention
using a drilling rig
It comes after the
failure of other
operations or to
change completion
 Objectives

Mechanical failure of the tubing string (leak

or collapse)
Inability to conduct tubing wireline
equipment replacement through the internal
bore of the string
The necessary replacement of the completion
string by an alternative design (installing gas
lift mandrel)
 The replacement of the tubing string to
optimize reservoir performance
Killing the well (Abandonment)
 Snubbing
It is a work-over
operation using a
smaller rig . However
it is performed with
well still under
pressure not killed
S U R F A C E FA C I L I T I E S
Facilities
Chock Manifold
Chock Manifold
Schéma globale
Two phase Separateur
Three phase Separateur
Schéma deprocess
 Déshydratation de l’huile
 In order to be
marketable, crude oil
must meet a contract
water specification.
BS&W (Basic
Sediment and Water)
typical values ranges
from 0.1% for light
crude to 3% for heavy
crude
 Emulssion is the
biguest problem that
maintien oil and water
non-separated
 Emulsion Elimination

Heat
Chemicals
Electricity
Retention time
 Gas Swettening

Involves removal H2 S and other sulphur

compounds from ‘sour’ gas
Normally CO2 is also present in ‘sour’ gas.
Sweetening refers to the removal of both
CO2 and sulphur compounds
It is importante to prevent Corrosion and
hydrates problems
 Déshydratation du gaz

La vapeur d’eau doit être enlevé du gaz pour

éviter:

La formation des hydrates

La corrosion surtout avec la présence se H2s
et CO2
Glycol
 Water treatement

For production
For re-injected water
Water treatement
Off-shore
 Collaboration

Collaborating with other people is the key

success for petroleum engineering ,especially
in realizing projects

Chance favors the connected mind

Be More Interested Than Interesting

THANK YOU