LPC2148 UART

Introduction
• UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) is a serial communication protocol in
which data is transferred serially bit by bit at a time. Asynchronous serial communication is widely
used for byte oriented transmission. In Asynchronous serial communication, a byte of data is
transferred at a time.
• UART serial communication protocol uses a defined frame structure for their data byte.
• Frame structure in Asynchronous communication consists :
• START bit: It is a bit with which indicates that serial communication has started and it is always
low.
• Data bits packet: Data bits can be packets of 5 to 9 bits. Normally we use 8 bit data packet, which
is always sent after the START bit.
• STOP bit: This usually is one or two bits in length. It is sent after data bits packet to indicate the
end of frame. Stop bit is always logic high.
Introduction
• UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) is a serial communication protocol in
which data is transferred serially bit by bit at a time. Asynchronous serial communication is widely
used for byte oriented transmission. In Asynchronous serial communication, a byte of data is
transferred at a time.
• UART serial communication protocol uses a defined frame structure for their data byte.
• Frame structure in Asynchronous communication consists :
• START bit: It is a bit with which indicates that serial communication has started and it is always
low.
• Data bits packet: Data bits can be packets of 5 to 9 bits. Normally we use 8 bit data packet, which
is always sent after the START bit.
• STOP bit: This usually is one or two bits in length. It is sent after data bits packet to indicate the
end of frame. Stop bit is always logic high.
Introduction
• UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) is a serial communication protocol in
which data is transferred serially bit by bit at a time. Asynchronous serial communication is widely
used for byte oriented transmission. In Asynchronous serial communication, a byte of data is
transferred at a time.
• UART serial communication protocol uses a defined frame structure for their data byte.
• Frame structure in Asynchronous communication consists :
• START bit: It is a bit with which indicates that serial communication has started and it is always
low.
• Data bits packet: Data bits can be packets of 5 to 9 bits. Normally we use 8 bit data packet, which
is always sent after the START bit.
• STOP bit: This usually is one or two bits in length. It is sent after data bits packet to indicate the
end of frame. Stop bit is always logic high.
UART Frame Structure
Introduction
• UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) is a serial communication protocol in
which data is transferred serially bit by bit at a time. Asynchronous serial communication is widely
used for byte oriented transmission. In Asynchronous serial communication, a byte of data is
transferred at a time.
• UART serial communication protocol uses a defined frame structure for their data byte.
• Frame structure in Asynchronous communication consists :
• START bit: It is a bit with which indicates that serial communication has started and it is always
low.
• Data bits packet: Data bits can be packets of 5 to 9 bits. Normally we use 8 bit data packet, which
is always sent after the START bit.
• STOP bit: This usually is one or two bits in length. It is sent after data bits packet to indicate the
end of frame. Stop bit is always logic high.
UART Frame Structure
UART Frame Structure
• Usually, an asynchronous serial communication frame consists of
• a START bit (1 bit) followed by
• a data byte (8 bits) and then
• a STOP bit (1 bit),
• which forms a 10-bit frame.
• The frame can also consist of 2 STOP bits instead of a single bit, and there can also be a PARITY
bit after the STOP bit.
LPC2148 UART
• LPC2148 has two inbuilt UARTs available i.e. UART0 & UART1.
• So, we can connect two UART enabled devices (GSM module, GPS module,
Bluetooth module etc.) with LPC2148 at a time.
• UART0 and UART1 are identical other than the fact that UART1 has modem
interface included.

• Modem is short for "Modulator-Demodulator."

• It is a hardware component that allows a computer or another device, such as
a router or switch, to connect to the Internet.
• It converts or "modulates" an analog signal from a telephone or cable wire to
digital data (1s and 0s) that a computer can recognize
LPC2148 UART
• Features of UART0
• 16 byte Receive and Transmit FIFOs
• Built-in fractional baud rate generator with autobauding capabilities
• Software flow control through TXEN bit in Transmit Enable Register
LPC2148 UART
• Features of UART0
• 16 byte Receive and Transmit FIFOs
• Built-in fractional baud rate generator with autobauding capabilities
• Software flow control through TXEN bit in Transmit Enable Register
UART LPC2148
• Features of UART1
• 16 byte Receive and Transmit FIFOs
• Built-in fractional baud rate generator with autobauding capabilities
• Software and hardware flow control implementation possible
• Standard modem interface signals included with flow control (auto-CTS/RTS)
fully supported in hardware
LPC2148
UART Pins
LPC2148 UART
Pins
• UART0 :
• TXD0 (Output pin): Serial Transmit
data pin.
• RXD0 (Input pin): Serial Receive
data pin.

• UART1 :
• TXD1 (Output pin): Serial Transmit
data pin.
• RXD1 (Input pin): Serial Receive
data pin.
LPC2148 UART
Pins
• RTS1 (Output pin): Request To Send signal pin.
Active low signal indicates that the UART1 would
like to transmit data to the external modem.
• CTS1 (Input pin): Clear To Send signal pin. Active
low signal indicates if the external modem is ready
to accept transmitted data via TXD1 from the
UART1.
• DSR1 (Input pin): Data Set Ready signal pin. Active
low signal indicates if the external modem is ready
to establish a communication link with the UART1.
• DTR1 (Output pin): Data Terminal Ready signal pin.
Active low signal indicates that the UART1 is ready
to establish connection with external modem.
• DCD1 (Input pin): Data Carrier Detect signal pin.
Active low signal indicates if the external modem
has established a communication link with the
UART1 and data may be exchanged.
• RI1 (Input pin): Ring Indicator signal pin. Active low
signal indicates that a telephone ringing signal has
been detected by the modem.
LPC2148 UART
Pins
• RTS1 (Output pin): Request To Send signal pin.
Active low signal indicates that the UART1 would
like to transmit data to the external modem.
• CTS1 (Input pin): Clear To Send signal pin. Active
low signal indicates if the external modem is ready
to accept transmitted data via TXD1 from the
UART1.
• DSR1 (Input pin): Data Set Ready signal pin. Active
low signal indicates if the external modem is ready
to establish a communication link with the UART1.
• DTR1 (Output pin): Data Terminal Ready signal pin.
Active low signal indicates that the UART1 is ready
to establish connection with external modem.
• DCD1 (Input pin): Data Carrier Detect signal pin.
Active low signal indicates if the external modem
has established a communication link with the
UART1 and data may be exchanged.
• RI1 (Input pin): Ring Indicator signal pin. Active low
signal indicates that a telephone ringing signal has
been detected by the modem.
LPC2148 UART
Pins
• RTS1 (Output pin): Request To Send signal pin.
Active low signal indicates that the UART1 would
like to transmit data to the external modem.
• CTS1 (Input pin): Clear To Send signal pin. Active
low signal indicates if the external modem is ready
to accept transmitted data via TXD1 from the
UART1.
• DSR1 (Input pin): Data Set Ready signal pin. Active
low signal indicates if the external modem is ready
to establish a communication link with the UART1.
• DTR1 (Output pin): Data Terminal Ready signal pin.
Active low signal indicates that the UART1 is ready
to establish connection with external modem.
• DCD1 (Input pin): Data Carrier Detect signal pin.
Active low signal indicates if the external modem
has established a communication link with the
UART1 and data may be exchanged.
• RI1 (Input pin): Ring Indicator signal pin. Active low
signal indicates that a telephone ringing signal has
been detected by the modem.
LPC2148 UART
Pins
• RTS1 (Output pin): Request To Send signal pin.
Active low signal indicates that the UART1 would
like to transmit data to the external modem.
• CTS1 (Input pin): Clear To Send signal pin. Active
low signal indicates if the external modem is ready
to accept transmitted data via TXD1 from the
UART1.
• DSR1 (Input pin): Data Set Ready signal pin. Active
low signal indicates if the external modem is ready
to establish a communication link with the UART1.
• DTR1 (Output pin): Data Terminal Ready signal pin.
Active low signal indicates that the UART1 is ready
to establish connection with external modem.
• DCD1 (Input pin): Data Carrier Detect signal pin.
Active low signal indicates if the external modem
has established a communication link with the
UART1 and data may be exchanged.
• RI1 (Input pin): Ring Indicator signal pin. Active low
signal indicates that a telephone ringing signal has
been detected by the modem.
LPC2148 UART
Pins
• RTS1 (Output pin): Request To Send signal pin.
Active low signal indicates that the UART1 would
like to transmit data to the external modem.
• CTS1 (Input pin): Clear To Send signal pin. Active
low signal indicates if the external modem is ready
to accept transmitted data via TXD1 from the
UART1.
• DSR1 (Input pin): Data Set Ready signal pin. Active
low signal indicates if the external modem is ready
to establish a communication link with the UART1.
• DTR1 (Output pin): Data Terminal Ready signal pin.
Active low signal indicates that the UART1 is ready
to establish connection with external modem.
• DCD1 (Input pin): Data Carrier Detect signal pin.
Active low signal indicates if the external modem
has established a communication link with the
UART1 and data may be exchanged.
• RI1 (Input pin): Ring Indicator signal pin. Active low
signal indicates that a telephone ringing signal has
been detected by the modem.
LPC2148 UART
Pins
• RTS1 (Output pin): Request To Send signal pin.
Active low signal indicates that the UART1 would
like to transmit data to the external modem.
• CTS1 (Input pin): Clear To Send signal pin. Active
low signal indicates if the external modem is ready
to accept transmitted data via TXD1 from the
UART1.
• DSR1 (Input pin): Data Set Ready signal pin. Active
low signal indicates if the external modem is ready
to establish a communication link with the UART1.
• DTR1 (Output pin): Data Terminal Ready signal pin.
Active low signal indicates that the UART1 is ready
to establish connection with external modem.
• DCD1 (Input pin): Data Carrier Detect signal pin.
Active low signal indicates if the external modem
has established a communication link with the
UART1 and data may be exchanged.
• RI1 (Input pin): Ring Indicator signal pin. Active low
signal indicates that a telephone ringing signal has
been detected by the modem.
LPC2148 UART
Pins
• RTS1 (Output pin): Request To Send signal pin.
Active low signal indicates that the UART1 would
like to transmit data to the external modem.
• CTS1 (Input pin): Clear To Send signal pin. Active
low signal indicates if the external modem is ready
to accept transmitted data via TXD1 from the
UART1.
• DSR1 (Input pin): Data Set Ready signal pin. Active
low signal indicates if the external modem is ready
to establish a communication link with the UART1.
• DTR1 (Output pin): Data Terminal Ready signal pin.
Active low signal indicates that the UART1 is ready
to establish connection with external modem.
• DCD1 (Input pin): Data Carrier Detect signal pin.
Active low signal indicates if the external modem
has established a communication link with the
UART1 and data may be exchanged.
• RI1 (Input pin): Ring Indicator signal pin. Active low
signal indicates that a telephone ringing signal has
been detected by the modem.
UART0 Registers
1. UART0 RBR Registers

• Data Registers
• Control Registers
• Status Registers
1. U0RBR (UART0 Receive Buffer
Register)
• It is an 8-bit read only register.
• This register contains the received data.
• It contains the “oldest” received byte in the receive
FIFO.
• If the character received is less than 8 bits, the unused
MSBs are padded with zeroes.
• The Divisor Latch Access Bit (DLAB) in U0LCR must be
zero in order to access the U0RBR. (DLAB = 0)
2. U0THR (UART0 Transmit Holding
Register)
• It is an 8-bit write only register.
• Data to be transmitted is written to this register.
• It contains the “newest” received byte in the transmit
FIFO.
• The Divisor Latch Access Bit (DLAB) in U0LCR must be
zero in order to access theU0THR. (DLAB = 0)
3. U0DLL and U0DLM (UART0 Divisor
Latch Registers)
• U0DLL is the Divisor Latch LSB.
• U0DLM is the Divisor Latch MSB.
• These are 8-bit read-write registers.
• UART0 Divisor Latch holds the value by which the
PCLK(Peripheral Clock) will be divided. This value must be
1/16 times the desired baud rate.
• A 0x0000 value is treated like a 0x0001 value as division
by zero is not allowed.
• The Divisor Latch Access Bit (DLAB) in U0LCR must be one
in order to access the UART0 Divisor Latches. (DLAB = 1)
4. U0FDR (UART0 Fractional Divider
Register)
• It is a 32-bit read write register.
• It decides the clock pre-scalar for baud rate generation.
• If fractional divider is active (i.e. DIVADDVAL>0) and DLM = 0,
DLL must be greater than 3.
• If DIVADDVAL is 0, the fractional baudrate generator will not
impact the UART0 baudrate.
• Reset value of DIVADDVAL is 0.
• MULVAL must be greater than or equal to 1 for UART0 to
operate properly, regardless of whether the fractional baudrate
generator is used or not.
• Reset value of MULVAL is 1.
4. U0FDR (UART0 Fractional Divider
Register)

• MULVAL and DIVADDVAL should have values in the

range of 0 to 15. If this is not ensured, the output of the
fractional divider is undefined.
• The value of the U0FDR should not be modified while
transmitting/receiving data. This may result in
corruption of data.
4. U0FDR (UART0 Fractional Divider
Register)

• MULVAL and DIVADDVAL should have values in the

range of 0 to 15. If this is not ensured, the output of the
fractional divider is undefined.
• The value of the U0FDR should not be modified while
transmitting/receiving data. This may result in
corruption of data.
5. U0IER (UART0 Interrupt Enable
Register)

• It is a 32-bit read-write register.

• It is used to enable UART0 interrupt sources.
• DLAB should be zero (DLAB = 0).
5. U0IER (UART0 Interrupt Enable
Register)

• Bit 0 - RBR Interrupt Enable. It also controls the

Character Receive Time-Out interrupt.
0 = Disable Receive Data Available interrupt
1 = Enable Receive Data Available interrupt
• Bit 1 - THRE Interrupt Enable
0 = Disable THRE interrupt
1 = Enable THRE interrupt
5. U0IER (UART0 Interrupt Enable
Register)

• Bit 2 - RX Line Interrupt Enable

0 = Disable UART0 RX line status interrupts
1 = EnableUART0 RX line status interrupts
• Bit 8 - ABEO Interrupt Enable
0 = Disable auto-baud time-out interrupt
1 = Enable auto-baud time-out interrupt
• Bit 9 - ABTO Interrupt Enable
0 = Disable end of auto-baud interrupt
1 = Enable the end of auto-baud interrupt
6. U0IIR (UART0 Interrupt Identification
Register)

• It is a 32-bit read only register.

• It provides a status code that denotes the priority and
source of a pending interrupt.
• It must be read before exiting the Interrupt Service
Routine to clear the interrupt.
• Bit 0 - Interrupt Pending
0 = At least one interrupt is pending
1 = No interrupts pending
6. U0IIR (UART0 Interrupt Identification
Register)

• Bit 3:1 - Interrupt Identification

Identifies an interrupt corresponding to theUART0 Rx FIFO.
011 = Receive Line Status (RLS) Interrupt
010 = Receive Data Available (RDA) Interrupt
110 = Character Time-out Indicator (CTI) Interrupt
001 = THRE Interrupt
• Bit 7:6 - FIFO EnableThese bits are equivalent to FIFO enable bit
in FIFO Control Register,
0 = If FIFOs are disabled
1 = FIFOs are enabled
6. U0IIR (UART0 Interrupt Identification
Register)

• Bit 8 - ABEO Interrupt

If interrupt is enabled,
0 = No ABEO interrupt
1 = Auto-baud has finished successfully
• Bit 9 - ABTO Interrupt
If interrupt is enabled,
0 = No ABTO interrupt
1 = Auto-baud has timed out
7. U0LCR (UART0 Line Control Register)

• 0X83 = 0X1000_0011
• It is an 8-bit read-write register.
• It determines the format of the data character that is to be
transmitted or received.
• Bit 1:0 - Word Length Select
00 = 5-bit character length
01 = 6-bit character length
10 = 7-bit character length
11 = 8-bit character length
7. U0LCR (UART0 Line Control Register)

• Bit 2 - Number of Stop Bits

0 = 1 stop bit
1 = 2 stop bits
• Bit 3 - Parity Enable
0 = Disable parity generation and checking
1 = Enable parity generation and checking
• Bit 5:4 - Parity Select
00 = Odd Parity
01 = Even Parity
10 = Forced “1” Stick Parity
11 = Forced “0” Stick Parity
7. U0LCR (UART0 Line Control Register)

• Bit 6 - Break Control

0= Disable break transmission
1 = Enable break transmission
• Bit 7 - Divisor Latch Access Bit (DLAB)
0 = Disable access to Divisor Latches
1 = Enable access to Divisor Latches
8. U0LSR (UART0 Line Status Register)

• It provides status information on UART0 RX and TX blocks.

• Bit 0 - Receiver Data Ready
0 = U0RBR is empty
1 = U0RBR contains valid data
• Bit 1 - Overrun Error
0 = Overrun error status inactive
1 = Overrun error status active
This bit is cleared when U0LSR is read.
• Bit 2 - Parity Error
0 = Parity error status inactive
1 = Parity error status active
This bit is cleared when U0LSR is read.
8. U0LSR (UART0 Line Status Register)

• Bit 3 - Framing Error

0 = Framing error status inactive
1 = Framing error status active
This bit is cleared when U0LSR is read.
• Bit 4 - Break Interrupt
0 = Break interrupt status inactive
1 = Break interrupt status active
This bit is cleared when U0LSR is read.
8. U0LSR (UART0 Line Status Register)

• Bit 5 - Transmitter Holding Register Empty

0 = U0THR has valid data
1 = U0THR empty
• Bit 6 - Transmitter Empty
0 = U0THR and/or U0TSR contains valid data
1 = U0THR and U0TSR empty
• Bit 7 - Error in RX FIFO (RXFE)
0 = U0RBR contains no UART0 RX errors
1 = U0RBR contains at least one UART0 RX error
This bit is cleared when U0LSR is read.
9. U0TER (UART0 Transmit Enable Register)

• The U0TER enables implementation of software flow

control. When TXEn=1, UART0 transmitter will keep
sending data as long as they are available. As soon as
TXEn becomes 0, UART0 transmission will stop.
• Software implementing software-handshaking can clear
this bit when it receives an XOFF character (DC3).
Software can set this bit again when it receives an XON
(DC1) character.
9. U0TER (UART0 Transmit Enable Register)

• Bit 7 : TXEN
0 = Transmission disabled
1 = Transmission enabled
• If this bit is cleared to 0 while a character is being sent,
the transmission of that character is completed, but no
further characters are sent until this bit is set again.
1. Initialization of UART0

• Configure P0.0 and P0.1 as TXD0 and

RXD0 by writing 01 to the
corresponding bits in PINSEL0.
• Using U0LCR register, make DLAB = 1.
Also, select 8-bit character length and
1 stop bit.
• Set appropriate values in U0DLL and ( 256 x U0DLM + U0DLL ) = 97.65
U0DLM depending on the PCLK value
and the baud rate desired. Fractional
divider can also be used to get
different values of baudrate.
• Example,
PCLK = 15MHz. For baud rate 9600,
without using fractional divider
register, from the baud rate formula,
we have,
Programming of UART0
• We can consider it to be 98 or
97. It will make the baud rate
slightly less or more than
9600. This small change is
tolerable. We will consider 97.
Since 97 is less than 256 and ( 256 x U0DLM + U0DLL ) = 97.65
register values cannot
contain fractions, we will take
U0DLM = 0. This will give
U0DLM = 97.
• Make DLA = 0 using U0LCR
register.
Programming of UART0
• void UART0_init(void) {
• PINSEL0 = PINSEL0 | 0x00000005; /* Enable UART0 Rx0 and Tx0 pins of
UART0 */
• U0LCR = 0x83; /* DLAB = 1, 1 stop bit, 8-bit character length */
• U0DLM = 0x00; /* For baud rate of 9600 with Pclk = 15MHz */
• U0DLL = 0x61; /* We get these values of U0DLL and U0DLM from formula */
• U0LCR = 0x03; /* DLAB = 0 */
• }
2. Receiving character
• unsigned char UART0_RxChar(void) /*A function to receive a byte on UART0 */
• {
• while( (U0LSR & 0x01) == 0); /*Wait till RDR bit becomes 1 which tells that
receiver contains valid data */
• return U0RBR;
• }
3. Transmitting character
• Monitor the THRE bit in U0LSR register. When this bit becomes 1, it indicates
that U0THR register is empty and the transmission is completed.

void UART0_TxChar(char ch) /*A function to send a byte on UART0 */

{
U0THR = ch; while( (U0LSR & 0x40) == 0 ); /* Wait till THRE bit becomes
1 which tells that transmission is completed */
}
Entire Program
• Program for echo test. LPC 2148 will receive a character through PC terminal and will
transmit the same character back to the PC terminal. Software like RealTerm, Putty can
be used for this on PC.
/* UART0 in LPC2148(ARM7) http://www.electronicwings.com/arm7/lpc2148-uart0 */
#include <lpc214x.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include "UART.h"
int main(void) {
char receive; UART0_init();
while(1) {
receive = UART0_RxChar();
UART0_SendString("Received:");
UART0_TxChar(receive);
UART0_SendString("\r\n");
}
}
references
LPC2148 UART Tutorial (electronicshub.org)
Thank You