MISRAK POLYTECHNIC

COLLEGE
HNS L-3
Configure and Administer Server

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Overview of Server Operating System
A server operating system (OS) (Network Operating System
(NOS)) is a specialized type of operating system designed
specifically to manage server hardware and software.
It enabling the efficient handling of network resources and client
requests.
Unlike desktop operating systems, server OSs are built to support
multi-user environments and are optimized for business-critical
applications.

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Key Features of NOS
Multi-User Support: Server operating systems are designed to
handle multiple users simultaneously, allowing them to access
shared resources without performance degradation.
This is crucial for environments where many clients need to connect to
the server at once
Resource Management: They efficiently manage vast amounts of
data and network resources, ensuring that all users have the
necessary access while maintaining security and performance.
Security: A server OS includes robust security features to protect
sensitive data and manage user permissions.
This is essential for maintaining the integrity of the server and the data it
handles.

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 Cont.
Client-Server Architecture: Server operating systems are built to
operate within a client-server architecture, where the server
provides resources or services to client machines.
This architecture is fundamental for many business applications
Administrative Tools: They come equipped with tools for system
administration, allowing administrators to manage users, monitor
performance, and configure settings efficiently.

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Types of Server Operating Systems
Linux: Known for its flexibility and open-source nature.
Linux is a popular choice for servers, especially for resource-intensive
applications.
Various distributions (distros) are available, each tailored for specific use
cases.
Windows Server: This is a widely used server OS that integrates
well with other Microsoft products and services.
It is known for its user-friendly interface and extensive support.
Unix: Often used in enterprise environments, Unix-based systems
are known for their stability and security, making them suitable for
critical applications.

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 Cont.
Server operating systems play a crucial role in modern computing
environments, particularly in business and enterprise settings.
They are designed to manage resources efficiently, support
multiple users, and provide the necessary security and
administrative tools to ensure smooth operation.
As the demand for cloud computing and digital services continues
to grow, the importance of robust server operating systems will
only increase

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 Windows server features from 2003 to 2012
Windows Server Windows Server Windows Server Windows Server
Feature
2003 2008 2008 R2 2012
Release Date April 24, 2003 February 27, 2008 October 22, 2009 September 4, 2012
Active Directory Introduced new Enhanced AD with Improved AD Dynamic Access
Improvements features for AD fine-grained replication and Control and
management password policies management improved AD
management
Virtualization Basic virtualization Introduced Hyper-V Enhanced Hyper-V Updated Hyper-V
capabilities with for virtualization with live migration with support for
Virtual Server more virtual CPUs
and dynamic
memory
Clustering Eight-node Improved failover Enhanced failover Multi-site failover
clustering with clustering clustering with clustering
MSCS better management
File System NTFS 3.1 NTFS 3.1 with new NTFS 3.1 with ReFS (Resilient File
features improvements System) introduced

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 Cont
Management Tools Basic management Server Manager for Enhanced Server Improved Server
tools centralized Manager Manager with a
management more intuitive
interface
PowerShell Support Not available Not available Introduced Enhanced
Windows PowerShell with
PowerShell 2.0 more cmdlets and
features
Remote Access Basic Remote Remote Desktop Enhanced Remote Remote Desktop
Desktop Services Services with Desktop Services Services with
session-based improved scalability
desktops
Web Server Role IIS 6.0 IIS 7.0 with modular IIS 7.5 with IIS 8.0 with
architecture improved enhanced support
performance for web applications
Networking Basic IPv6 support Improved Enhanced IP Address
networking features networking Management (IPAM)
capabilities introduced
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Server application
A server application is a software program that runs on a server
It provides services to client applications over a network.
These applications are essential for managing business processes,
handling data, and delivering content to users.

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Characteristics of Server Applications
Hosting Business Logic: Server applications typically host the core
business logic of an organization, processing requests from clients
and returning the appropriate responses.
This allows for centralized management of business rules and data processing
Communication Protocols: They communicate with client
applications using various protocols, such as HTTP, HTTPS, or TCP/IP,
enabling seamless interaction between the server and clients.
Session Management: Server applications often manage user
sessions, maintaining state information to provide a personalized
experience for users.
This is crucial for applications that require user authentication and data
persistence.

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 Cont.
Security Features: These applications enforce security measures,
including authentication and authorization, to protect sensitive
data and ensure that only authorized users can access specific
resources.
Integration with Other Services: Server applications can
integrate with databases, web services, and other applications,
allowing for a more comprehensive solution that meets various
business needs.

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Types of Server Applications
Web Application Servers: These servers host web applications
and handle requests from web clients (browsers).
They often work in conjunction with web servers to deliver dynamic
content.
Examples include Apache, Tomcat and Microsoft IIS.
Database Servers: These applications manage databases and
provide data access services to client applications.
They handle queries, transactions, and data storage.
Examples include MySQL and Microsoft SQL Server.
File Servers: These servers provide file storage and sharing
services, allowing users to access and manage files over a network.
Mail Servers: These applications manage email services, handling
the sending, receiving, and storage of email messages.
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Application Servers: These servers provide a platform for
running specific applications and managing business logic.
They facilitate the execution of application code and can serve multiple
clients simultaneously.
Examples include Colab for python and Oracle WebLogic Server.
Proxy Servers: it act as intermediaries between clients and other
servers.
They can cache content, filter requests, and enhance security by masking
client identities.
They are often used for content control and to improve performance.

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 Cont.
Game Servers: host multiplayer online games, managing game
sessions and player interactions.
They ensure real-time communication and synchronization between
players.
Examples include dedicated servers for games like Minecraft and
Counter-Strike.
Print Servers: it manage print requests from multiple clients,
directing them to the appropriate printers.
They streamline printing processes in organizations by centralizing
printer management.

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 Cont.
DNS Servers: Domain Name System (DNS) servers translate
domain names into IP addresses, enabling users to access websites
using human-readable addresses.
Virtualization Servers: These servers host virtual machines,
allowing multiple operating systems to run on a single physical
server.
They optimize resource utilization and provide flexibility in managing
workloads.
Examples include VMware vSphere and Microsoft Hyper-V.

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Server Design
Server design refers to the architecture and configuration of
server systems to meet specific operational requirements. It
encompasses various aspects, including hardware selection,
software configuration, network integration, and scalability
considerations. Effective server design is crucial for ensuring
optimal performance, reliability, and security in data processing
and service delivery.

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Components of Server Design
1. Hardware Configuration
CPU and Memory: Selecting the right processors and sufficient RAM is
essential for handling workloads efficiently.
High-performance CPUs and ample memory help in processing requests quickly and
managing multiple tasks simultaneously.
Storage Solutions: The choice of storage (HDD vs. SSD) impacts speed
and reliability.
RAID configurations can enhance data redundancy and performance.
Networking: High-speed network interface cards (NICs) and switches are
vital for ensuring fast data transfer rates, especially in environments with
heavy traffic.

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 Cont.
2. Software Architecture
Operating System: The choice of OS (e.g., Windows Server, Linux) affects
compatibility with applications and overall performance.
Server Applications: Depending on the purpose (web server, database
server, etc.), the appropriate server applications must be installed and
configured to meet user demands.
3. Scalability
Vertical Scaling: Upgrading existing hardware (adding more RAM, CPUs)
to improve performance.
Horizontal Scaling: Adding more servers to distribute the load and
enhance redundancy.
This is particularly important for web applications and services that experience
variable traffic.

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4. Security Measures
Implementing firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and regular updates
to protect against vulnerabilities.
Configuring user access controls and authentication mechanisms to
safeguard sensitive data.
5. Redundancy and Reliability
Designing for failover capabilities ensures that if one server fails, another
can take over without service interruption.
This can involve clustering or using load balancers to distribute traffic
across multiple servers.

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 Cont.
Monitoring and Maintenance
Setting up monitoring tools to track server performance, resource usage,
and potential issues. Regular maintenance schedules help in keeping the
server environment healthy and responsive.

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