Database Management

Systems (DBMS)
This presentation will provide an overview of essential topics in
Database Management Systems (DBMS), exploring core concepts,
architectural models, and modern trends.

by Rahul Garg
What is a DBMS?
Definition Importance

A DBMS is a software application that enables users to DBMS are essential for organizations of all sizes, enabling
create, maintain, and access a database. It provides a efficient data storage, retrieval, and analysis. They
structured and controlled environment for managing streamline operations, improve decision-making, and
data. support various business processes.
Characteristics of DBMS
Data Abstraction Data Independence
DBMS hides the complex Changes to the underlying
implementation details from data structure don't affect
users, presenting data in a applications relying on the
simplified and logical database. This ensures
manner. application portability and
flexibility.

Data Security Data Integrity

DBMS offer various DBMS enforce data
mechanisms for protecting consistency and validity
data from unauthorized rules to maintain data
access, ensuring integrity accuracy and prevent
and confidentiality. errors.
DBMS Architecture
External Level
Represents the user's view of the database. Each user may have a specific
1
view tailored to their needs.

Conceptual Level
2 Defines the overall structure of the database, capturing the
relationships between data entities.

Internal Level
3 Describes how data is physically stored on the disk,
including file organization and indexing techniques.
Data Models
Hierarchical Model Network Model
Organizes data in a tree-like Similar to the hierarchical
structure with a parent-child model but allows more
relationship. This model is complex relationships,
relatively simple but can be enabling multiple parent-child
difficult to manage for connections.
complex data.

Relational Model Object-Oriented Model

The most prevalent model, This model incorporates
representing data as tables concepts of objects, classes,
with rows and columns. It and inheritance, allowing for
provides flexibility, data complex data structures and
integrity, and ease of use. relationships.
Relational Databases
Relational Model Tables and Keys

Organizes data into tables, each representing a specific Tables consist of rows and columns, representing data
entity. Relationships between entities are established instances and attributes, respectively. Primary keys
through keys. uniquely identify each record.
SQL Overview

SELECT INSERT
Retrieves data from the database Adds new records to a table,
based on specific criteria. It's the inserting data into specified
fundamental query language for columns. This command is used to
data retrieval. populate a table with data.

UPDATE DELETE
Modifies existing records in a Removes records from a table
table, changing the values in based on specified criteria. This
specific columns. This command command ensures data removal
enables data modification. and deletion.
Normalization
1NF (First Normal Form)
1
Each column contains atomic values, meaning no repeating groups. Data is organized into distinct rows and columns.

2NF (Second Normal Form)

2
Satisfies 1NF and eliminates partial dependencies. Non-key attributes depend entirely on the primary key.

3NF (Third Normal Form)

3 Satisfies 2NF and eliminates transitive dependencies. Non-key attributes do not
depend on other non-key attributes.

BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form)

4 A stricter form than 3NF, ensuring every determinant is a
candidate key. This minimizes data redundancy and improves
consistency.
Transactions and ACID Properties

1 2
Atomicity Consistency
A transaction is treated as a single The database state remains valid
unit of work, either entirely after a successful transaction,
completing or failing completely. This maintaining data integrity and
ensures data integrity. consistency rules.

3 4
Isolation Durability
Concurrent transactions operate Once a transaction is committed, its
independently, ensuring that each changes are permanently stored in
transaction sees a consistent state of the database, even in case of system
the database. failures.
DBMS vs. File System
DBMS Advantages File System Limitations

Data integrity, data consistency, data security, efficient Limited data integrity, potential for inconsistencies, lack
data access, and support for complex relationships. of security features, and inefficient data management.
Security and Integrity
Access Controls Data Integrity Security Measures
DBMS provides access control DBMS enforce data integrity DBMS implement encryption,
mechanisms to restrict rules to maintain data quality authentication, and authorization
unauthorized access to sensitive and prevent data corruption, mechanisms to protect against
data, ensuring data privacy. ensuring data consistency and data breaches and malicious
accuracy. attacks.
Conclusion
DBMS play a pivotal role in modern data management, providing a
structured and efficient way to store, retrieve, and analyze
information. As data continues to grow, the demand for scalable,
flexible, and secure database solutions will continue to increase.