DATABASE

CONCEPTS
 Find out the issues of manual
attendance record keeping of students?
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Students will be able to:
• Understand about the file system.
• Identify the limitation of file system.
• Map a File system to Database.
• Learn the real life application Database Management
System.
 Keywords
• File system.
• Redundancy
• Inconsistency
• Isolation
• Dependance
• Database Management System
To overcome the hassles faced in manual record keeping, it
is
desirable to store attendance record and student details on
separate data files on a computerized system
 FILE SYSTEM
• A file can be understood as a container to store data in a
computer.
• Files can be stored on the storage device of a computer
system.
• Contents of a file can be texts, computer program code,
comma separated values (CSV), etc. Likewise, pictures,
audios/videos, web pages are also files.
• Files stored on a computer can be accessed directly and
searched for desired data.
• But to access data of a file through software, for example,
to display monthly attendance report on school website,
one has to write computer programs to access data from
files.
• the example of attendance at school, we need to store
data about students and attendance in two separate files.
 Limitations of a File System
• File system becomes difficult to handle when number of files
increases and volume of data also grows.
• Difficulty in Access
• Files themselves do not provide any mechanism to retrieve data. Data
maintained in a file system are accessed through application programs.
• Data Redundancy
• Redundancy means same data are duplicated in different places (files). In
our example, student names are maintained in both the files.
• Data Inconsistency
• Data inconsistency occurs when same data maintained in different places
do not match. If a student wants to get changed the spelling of her name,
it needs to be changed in SName column in both the files.
• Data Isolation
• Both the files presented at (STUDENT) and at (ATTENDANCE) are
related to students.
• But there is no link or mapping between them. The school will
have to write separate programs to access these two files.
• Data Dependence
• Data are stored in a specific format or structure in a file.
• If the structure or format itself is changed, all the existing
application programs accessing that file also need to be change.
• Controlled Data Sharing
• There can be different category of users like teacher, office staff
and parents.
• Ideally, not every user should be able to access all the data.
 Database Management System
• Limitations faced in file system can be overcome by storing
the data in a database where data are logically related.
• We can organize related data in a database so that it can be
managed in an efficient and easy way.
• A database management system (DBMS) or database system
in short, is a software that can be used to create and manage
databases.
• DBMS lets users to create a database, store, manage,
update/modify and retrieve data from that database by users
or application programs.
• Some examples of open source and commercial DBMS include
MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, SQL Server, Microsoft Access,
MongoDB.
• A database system hides certain details about how data are
actually stored and maintained. Thus, it provides users with an
abstract view of the data.
• A database system has a set of programs through which users or
other programs can access, modify and retrieve the stored data.
• The DBMS serves as an interface between the database
and end users or application programs.
• Retrieving data from a database through special type of
commands is called querying the database.
• In addition, users can modify the structure of the database
itself through a DBMS.
File system to DBMS
File system to DBMS
 Key Concepts in DBMS
Database Schema
• Database Schema is the design of a database.
• It is the skeleton of the database that represents the structure
(table names and their fields/columns), the type of data
• Each column can hold, constraints on the data to be stored (if
any), and the relationships among the tables.
• Database schema is also called the visual or logical architecture
Data Constraint
• limitations on the type of data that can be inserted in one or
more columns of a table.
• This is done by specifying one or more constraints on that
column(s) while creating the tables.
• For example, one can define the constraint that the column
mobile number can only have non-negative integer values of
exactly 10 digits.
• Since each student shall have one unique roll number, we can
put the NOT NULL and UNIQUE constraints on the RollNumber
column.
• Constraints are used to ensure accuracy and reliability of data in
the database
Meta-data or Data Dictionary
• The database schema along with various constraints on the
• data is stored by DBMS in a database catalog or dictionary,
• called meta-data.
• A meta-data is data about the data.

Database Instance
• When we define database structure or schema, state of database is
empty i.e. no data entry is there.
• After loading data, the state or snapshot of the database at any given
time is the database instance.
• We may then retrieve data through queries or manipulate data
through updation, modification or deletion.
• Thus, the state of database can change, and thus a database schema
can have many instances at different times.
Query
• A query is a request to a database for obtaining information in a desired
way.
• Query can be made to get data from one table or from a combination of
tables.
• For example, “find names of all those students present on
• Attendance Date 2000-01-02” is a query to the database.
Database Engine
• Database engine is the underlying component or set of programs used by
a DBMS to create database and handle various queries for data retrieval
and manipulation.
Data Manipulation
• Modification of database consists of three operations viz. Insertion,
Deletion or Update.
Relational Data Model
THANK YOU