WEB

PROGRAMMING
USING PHP
2 1 B C A 2 T 4 6 1 - C R ED I T S : 4

TO TA L H O U R S : 6 0 C O U R S E T Y P E: D S C

VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP 12/23/2024 1

Learning Objective
 To understand the real-life web development and
trending technologies.
 To gain experience in working with database
connectivity for web application.

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 Outcomes
 Interpret the software’s used and its configuration.
 Define built in functions and arrays in php.
 Illustrate the usage of form handling process in web application.
 Facilitate the connectivity between frontend and backend database.

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Unit 1: Introduction
Introduction to Laravel, installation of php, php
configuration Apache web server, features, parsing and
embedding php with html, executing php program, data
types, operators, variables, access specifiers and comment
statement.

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What is

● PHP is an acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor"

● PHP is a widely-used, open source scripting language
● PHP scripts are executed on the server
● PHP is free to download and use
● PHP files can contain text, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP
code
● PHP code is executed on the server, and the result is
returned to the browser as plain HTML
● PHP files have extension ".php"

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What Can PHP Do?

● PHP can generate dynamic page content

● PHP can create, open, read, write, delete, and close files
on the server
● PHP can collect form data
● PHP can send and receive cookies
● PHP can add, delete, modify data in your database
● PHP can be used to control user-access
● PHP can encrypt data

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Features of PHP

Performance: Familiarity with syntax:

PHP script is executed much faster than PHP has easily understandable syntax.
those scripts which are written in other Programmers are comfortable coding
languages such as JSP and ASP. with it.
Open Source:

PHP source code and software are freely Embedded:

available on the web. You can develop all
the versions of PHP according to your PHP code can be easily embedded within
requirement without paying any cost. All its HTML tags and script.
components are free to download and use.

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Features of PHP

Platform Independent: Error Reporting -

PHP is available for WINDOWS, MAC, PHP has predefined error reporting constants
LINUX & UNIX operating system. A PHP to generate an error notice or warning at
application developed in one OS can be runtime. E.g., E_ERROR, E_WARNING,
E_STRICT, E_PARSE.
easily executed in other OS also.

Loosely Typed Language:

Database Support:
PHP allows us to use a variable without
PHP supports all the leading databases declaring its datatype. It will be taken
such as MySQL, SQLite, ODBC, etc. automatically at the time of execution based
on the type of data it contains on its value.

9
Features of PHP

Web servers Support: Control:

PHP is compatible with almost all local Different programming languages require
servers used today like Apache, long script or code, whereas PHP can do the
same work in a few lines of code. It has
Netscape, Microsoft IIS, etc.
maximum control over the websites like you
can make changes easily whenever you want.

A Helpful PHP Community:

Security:
It has a large community of developers who
PHP is a secure language to develop the regularly updates documentation, tutorials,
website. It consists of multiple layers of online help, and FAQs. Learning PHP from the
security to prevent threads and malicious communities is one of the significant benefits.
attacks.
10
Introduction to LARAVEL

Laravel is a popular open-source PHP web application

framework known for its elegant syntax, developer-
friendly tools, and robust features. It was created by
Taylor Otwell and was first released in 2011. Laravel
follows the model-view-controller (MVC) architectural
pattern, making it easy for developers to organize
their code and build scalable and maintainable web
applications.

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 Some key features and concepts associated
with Laravel
o Eloquent ORM (Object-Relational Mapping)

o Blade Templating Engine

o Artisan Console

o Middleware

o Routing

o Dependency Injection and IoC Container

o Laravel Mix

o Authentication and Authorization

o Database Migrations and Seeding

o Task Scheduling and Queues

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Eloquent ORM (Object-Relational Mapping): Laravel includes an ORM (Object-
Relational Mapping) called Eloquent, which simplifies database interactions by
allowing developers to work with databases using an object-oriented syntax. This
helps in managing database records using PHP syntax instead of writing raw SQL
queries.
Blade Templating Engine: Blade is the templating engine used in the Laravel
PHP framework. It provides a simple yet powerful way to work with views in
Laravel, allowing developers to write clean and expressive templates for their web
applications. Blade templates are designed to be easy to read, concise, and
feature-rich, making them a key component of Laravel's templating system..
Artisan Console: Laravel comes with a powerful command-line tool called
Artisan. It provides various commands for common tasks such as database
migrations, seeding, testing, and more. Developers can also create their own
custom Artisan commands.(The Artisan console is a powerful tool that allows
developers to interact with their Laravel application from the command line.)
Middleware: Middleware in Laravel allows you to filter HTTP requests entering
your application. This can be useful for tasks such as authentication, logging, or
modifying incoming requests before they reach the application.
Routing:Routing in Laravel refers to the process of defining how your application
responds to specific HTTP requests. It determines which controller method should
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Dependency Injection and IoC Container: Dependency Injection (DI) and the
Inversion of Control (IoC) Container are fundamental concepts that contribute to the
framework's flexibility, modularity, and maintainability. This makes it easier to manage
class dependencies and facilitates unit testing.

Laravel Mix: Laravel Mix is a tool provided by Laravel for simplifying the process of
managing and compiling assets, such as JavaScript and CSS files, in web applications.
It's built on top of Webpack, which is a popular module bundler for modern JavaScript
applications.

Authentication and Authorization: Laravel provides a simple and comprehensive

system for user authentication. Additionally, it includes a robust authorization system
that can be easily customized to suit the needs of your application.

Database Migrations and Seeding: Laravel's migration system allows developers to

version-control the database schema, making it easy to share databases across
development teams. Seeders help populate the database with sample or default data.

Task Scheduling and Queues: Laravel provides a convenient way to schedule tasks
using the task scheduler. Queues allow you to defer the processing of time-consuming
tasks, improving the responsiveness of your application.
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Installation of php
To install PHP on your system, you can follow different steps depending
on your operating system. Here are instructions for the most common
operating systems:
For Windows:
Using XAMPP:

Download and install XAMPP, which includes PHP, Apache, MySQL, and other
components.
Follow the installation wizard to set up XAMPP.
Start the Apache server.
Using WampServer:

Download and install WampServer.

Follow the installation instructions.
Once installed, start WampServer, and it will automatically start the Apache server
with PHP.

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Verifying Installation:
After installation, you can verify that PHP is installed by opening a terminal or command
prompt and typing:
php -v
This command should display the PHP version installed on your system.

To run a PHP script, create a file with a .php extension, for example, hello.php, and add
the following content:
<?php
echo "Hello, World!";
?>
Save the file and run it using the following command in the terminal or command
prompt:
php hello.php

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How PHP code is parsed

1. The Web browser requests a document with a .php extension.

2. The Web server sends the request on to the PHP parser.
3. The PHP parser scans the requested file for PHP code.
4. When the PHP parser finds PHP code, it executes that code and places the
resulting output (if any) into the place in the file formerly occupied by the
code.
5. This new output file is sent back to the Web server.
6. The Web server sends the output file along to the Web browser.
7. The Web browser displays the output. 18
Because the PHP code is parsed by the server, this
method of code execution is called server-side. When
code is executed by the browser, such as with JavaScript,
it is called client-side.

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Basic PHP Syntax

1.A PHP script can be placed <?php

anywhere in the document.
// PHP code goes here

2.A PHP script starts with <?

?>
php and ends with ?>

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The default file extension for PHP
files is ".php".

A PHP file normally contains HTML

tags, and some PHP scripting
code.

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PHP Case Sensitivity

In PHP, keywords (e.g. if,

else, while, echo, etc.),
classes, functions, and user-
defined functions are not
case-sensitive.

22
Executing PHP and viewing in browser

● PHP File
● Save in htdocs
● Open browser
● Local Host
● Open the file path

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Embedding PHP and HTML
<html>
<title>HTML with PHP</title>
<body>
<h1>My Example</h1>

<?php
//your PHP code goes here
?>
<b>Here is some more HTML</b>
<?php
//more PHP code
?>

</body>
</html>
24
PHP Variables

Variables are "containers" for storing information.

In PHP, a variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable:

<?php

$txt = "Hello world!";

$x = 5;

$y = 10.5;

?>

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PHP Variables
A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive name
(age, carname, total_volume).

Rules for PHP variables:

● A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable
● A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
● A variable name cannot start with a number
● A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and
underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
● Variable names are case-sensitive ($age and $AGE are two different
variables)

Remember that PHP variable names are case-sensitive!

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Output Variables

The PHP echo statement is often used to output data to the

screen.

<?php
$txt = "Kristu Jayanti College";
echo "I love $txt!";
?>

27
Output Variables

<?php
$txt = "Kristu Jayanti College";
echo "I love " . $txt . "!";
?>

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Output Variables

<?php
$x = 5;
$y = 4;
echo $x + $y;
?>

29
PHP Data Types

PHP Data Types

Variables can store data of different types, and different data types can do different things.

PHP supports the following data types:

● String
● Integer
● Float (floating point numbers - also called double)
● Boolean
● Array
● Object
● NULL

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PHP Data Types

PHP String
● A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!".
● A string can be any text inside quotes. You can use single or double quotes:

<?php

$x = "Hello world!";

$y = 'Hello world!';

echo $x;

echo "<br>";

echo $y;
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?>
PHP Data Types

PHP Integer
An integer data type is a non-decimal number between -2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647.

Rules for integers:

● An integer must have at least one digit

● An integer must not have a decimal point
● An integer can be either positive or negative
● Integers can be specified in: decimal (base 10), hexadecimal (base 16), octal (base 8), or binary (base 2)
notation

32
PHP Data Types
● In the following example $x is an integer. The PHP var_dump() function returns the data type and value:

<?php

$x = 5985;

var_dump($x);

?>

var_dump() provides detailed information about each variable, including its data
type and value.

33
PHP Data Types

PHP Float
A float (floating point number) is a number with a decimal point or a number in exponential form.

<?php

$x = 10.365;

var_dump($x);

?>

34
PHP Data Types

PHP Boolean
A Boolean represents two possible states: TRUE or FALSE.

$x = true;
$y = false;

35
PHP Data Types

PHP Array
An array stores multiple values in one single variable.

In the following example $cars is an array.

<?php
$cars = array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
var_dump($cars);
?>

36
PHP Data Types
PHP Object
Classes and objects are the two main aspects of object-oriented programming.

A class is a template for objects, and an object is an instance of a class.

When the individual objects are created, they inherit all the properties and behaviors from the
class, but each object will have different values for the properties.

Let's assume we have a class named Car. A Car can have properties like model, color, etc. We
can define variables like $model, $color, and so on, to hold the values of these properties.

When the individual objects (Volvo, BMW, Toyota, etc.) are created, they inherit all the properties
and behaviors from the class, but each object will have different values for the properties.

37
PHP Data Types

PHP NULL Value

Null is a special data type which can have only one value: NULL.

A variable of data type NULL is a variable that has no value assigned to it.

If a variable is created without a value, it is automatically assigned a value of NULL.

<?php

$x = "Hello world!";

$x = null;

var_dump($x);
38

?>
PHP Comments

Syntax for single-line comments:

<?php
// This is a single-line comment
# This is also a single-line comment
?>
39
PHP Comments

Syntax for multiple-line comments:

<?php
/*
This is a multiple-lines comment block
that spans over multiple
lines
*/
?>

40
Output?

<?php
// You can also use comments to leave out parts of a code line
$x = 5 /* + 15 */ + 5;
echo $x;
?>

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PHP Operators

PHP Operators
Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

PHP divides the operators in the following groups:

● Arithmetic operators
● Assignment operators
● Comparison operators
● Increment/Decrement operators
● Logical operators
● String operators
● Array operators
● Conditional assignment operators

42
PHP Arithmetic Operators

The PHP arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common arithmetical operations, such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication etc.

43
PHP Assignment Operators
The PHP assignment operators are used with numeric values to write a value to a variable.

The basic assignment operator in PHP is "=". It means that the left operand gets set to the value of the
assignment expression on the right.

44
PHP Assignment Operators

<?php

$x = 15;

$x %= 4;

echo $x;
?>

45
PHP Comparison Operators
spaceship operator

46
PHP Comparison Operators
spaceship operator

The spaceship operator or combined comparison operator is denoted by “<=>“. This is a three-way
comparison operator and it can perform greater than, less than and equal comparison between two
operands.
This operator has similar behavior like strcmp() . This operator can be used with integers, floats,
strings, arrays, objects, etc.
This <=> operator offers combined comparison :

● Return 0 if values on either side are equal

● Return 1 if value on the left is greater
● Return -1 if the value on the right is greater

47
PHP Comparison Operators
The PHP comparison operators are used to compare two values (number or string):

● Example:
● // Comparing Integers

● echo 1 <=> 1; // outputs 0

● echo 3 <=> 4; // outputs -1
● echo 4 <=> 3; // outputs 1

● // String Comparison

● echo "a" <=> "a"; // outputs 0

● echo "m" <=> "y"; // outputs -1
● echo "y" <=> "c"; // outputs 1

48
PHP Comparison Operators
The PHP comparison operators are used to compare two values (number or string):

<?php <?php
$x = 100; $x = 100;
$y = "100"; $y = "100";

if ($x == $y) if ($x === $y)

{ {
echo echo
"TRUE"; "TRUE";
} }
else else 49
PHP Increment / Decrement Operators
The PHP increment operators are used to increment a variable's value.

The PHP decrement operators are used to decrement a variable's value.

50
<?php <?php
$x = 10; $x = 10;
echo ++$x; echo $x++;
?> ?>

51
PHP Logical Operators
The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.

52
PHP Logical Operators
The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.

<?php

$x = 100;

$y = 50;

if ($x == 100 and $y == 50) {

echo "Hello world!";

?>

53
PHP Logical Operators
The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.

<?php

$x = 100;

$y = 50;

if ($x == 100 or $y == 80) {

echo "Hello world!";

?>

54
PHP Logical Operators
The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.

<?php

$x = 100;

$y = 50;

if ($x == 100 xor $y == 80) {

echo "Hello world!";

?>

55
PHP String Operators
PHP has two operators that are specially designed for strings.

<?php <?php
$txt1 = "Hello"; $txt1 = "Hello";
$txt2 = " world!"; $txt2 = " world!";
echo $txt1 . $txt2; $txt1 .= $txt2;
?> echo $txt1;
?>
56
Access Specifiers in PHP

There are 3 types of Access Specifiers available in PHP, Public, Private and
Protected.

• Public - class members with this access modifier will be publicly

accessible from anywhere, even from outside the scope of the class.

• Private - class members with this keyword will be accessed within the
class itself. It protects members from outside class access with the
reference of the class instance.

• Protected - same as private, except by allowing subclasses to access

protected superclass members.

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 EXAMPLE 1: Public
<?php
class demo
{
public $name="Ajeet";
functiondisp()
{
echo $this->name."<br/>";
}
}
class child extends demo
{
function show()
{
echo $this->name;
}
}
$obj= new child;
echo $obj->name."<br/>";
$obj->disp();
$obj->show();
?>

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 EXAMPLE 2: Private
<?php
classJavatpoint
{
private $name="Sonoo";
private function show()
{
echo "This is private method of parent class";
}
}
class child extends Javatpoint
{
function show1()
{
echo $this->name;
}
}
$obj= new child;
$obj->show();
$obj->show1();
?>

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 EXAMPLE 3: Protected
<?php
classJavatpoint
{
protected $x=500;
protected $y=100;
function add()
{
echo $sum=$this->x+$this->y."<br/>";
}
}
class child extends Javatpoint
{
function sub()
{
echo $sub=$this->x-$this->y."<br/>";
}

}
$obj= new child;
$obj->add();
$obj->sub();

?> VISHNU PRIYA P M | WEB PROGRAMMING USING PHP 12/23/2024 62

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 EXAMPLE 4: Public,Private and Protected
<?php
classJavatpoint
{
public $name="Ajeet";
protected $profile="HR";
private $salary=5000000;
public function show()
{
echo "Welcome : ".$this->name."<br/>";
echo "Profile : ".$this->profile."<br/>";
echo "Salary : ".$this->salary."<br/>";
}
}
classchilds extends Javatpoint
{
public function show1()
{
echo "Welcome : ".$this->name."<br/>";
echo "Profile : ".$this->profile."<br/>";
echo "Salary : ".$this->salary."<br/>";
}
}
$obj= new childs;
$obj->show1();
?>
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