Cellular

Networks
 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION
• Wireless → Without Wires (Cables)
• Communication → Exchange information

Wireless Communication is a method of transmitting

information from one point to other, without using any connection like
wires, cables or any physical medium.

Generally, in a communication system, information is

transmitted from transmitter to receiver that are placed over a limited
distance. With the help of Wireless Communication, the transmitter
and receiver can be placed anywhere between few meters (like a T.V.
Remote Control) to few thousand kilometers (Satellite
Communication).
 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION

If there is no physical medium, then how does wireless

communication transmit signals? Even though there are no cables used
in wireless communication, the transmission and reception of signals is
accomplished with Antennas.

Antennas are electrical devices that transform the electrical signals to

radio signals in the form of Electromagnetic (EM) Waves and vice versa.

These Electromagnetic Waves propagates through space.

Hence, both transmitter and receiver consist of an antenna.
AN ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES
Electromagnetic Waves carry the electromagnetic energy of
electromagnetic field through space. Electromagnetic Waves include
Gamma Rays (y - Rays), X-Rays, Ultraviolet Rays, Visible Light, Infrared
Rays, Microwave Rays and Radio Waves. Electromagnetic Waves (usually
Radio Waves) are used in wireless communication to carry the signals.

An Electromagnetic Wave consists of both electric and magnetic

fields in the form of time varying sinusoidal waves. Both these fields are
oscillating perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation
of the Electromagnetic Wave is again perpendicular to both these fields.
AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Mathematically, an Electromagnetic Wave can be described using

Maxwell's equations. Pictorial representation of an Electromagnetic Wave
is shown below where the Electric Field is acting in the Y-axis, magnetic
field is acting in the x-axis and the Electromagnetic Wave propagates in z-
axis.
AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
History of wireless
communication
Throughout the development of wireless communication, there are many
wireless systems and methods that flourished and many got disappeared.
The best example for this is Telephone Communication and Television
Transmission. Initially, all telephone related communication was carried
out (and still is) using wired network.

But the rapid growth of Mobile Communication started to replace the

complex wired telephone system. In this scenario, the wired technology
became outdated and got replaced by wireless communication
History of wireless
communication
Another scenario where wireless communication got replaced by
wired communication is Television broadcasting. In the early days,
television signals were broadcasted using wireless radio transmitters. But
this setup got replaced by cable television.

These two examples point out that with the development of

technology, we always have to choose what's best for the situation i.e. in
some areas we have to use wired communication whereas in the other,
going for wireless may be a better option.
WHY WIRELESS ?

• When wired communication can do most of the tasks that a

wireless communication can, why do we need Wireless Communication?
The primary and important benefit of wireless communication is mobility.

• Apart from mobility, wireless communication also offers

flexibility and ease of use, which makes it increasingly popular day-by-day.
Wireless Communication like mobile telephony can be made anywhere
and anytime with a considerably high throughput performance.

Another important point is infrastructure. The setup and installation of

infrastructure for wired communication systems is an expensive and time
consuming job. The infrastructure for wireless communication can be
installed easily and low cost.
WHY WIRELESS ?

When wired communication can do most of the tasks that a

wireless communication can, why do we need Wireless Communication?
The primary and important benefit of wireless communication is mobility.

Apart from mobility, wireless communication also offers flexibility

and ease of use, which makes it increasingly popular day-by-day. Wireless
Communication like mobile telephony can be made anywhere and
anytime with a considerably high throughput performance.

Another important point is infrastructure. The setup and installation of

infrastructure for wired communication systems is an expensive and time
consuming job. The infrastructure for wireless communication can be
installed easily and low cost.
 ADVANTAGES OF WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION
Wireless Communication has changed the working environment and
workforce mobility. The main advantages of wireless communication
are:

• Anywhere, Anytime Work :

Working professionals through wireless communication can access the
internet through laptop, tablet and mobile phones anywhere, anytime
without any problem of wires and cables.

• Reduced Cost & Enhanced :

Wired internet and dialup connectivity increases the cost, whereas
using wireless internet not only reduces the cost of lengthy wires but
also it is possible for anyone to complete the task or assignment any
time, which ultimately enhances the productivity of work.
 ADVANTAGES OF WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION
• Remote Area Connectivity:
Wireless communication makes possible for the doctors, engineers,
volunteers, service men and other professionals working in remote areas
to keep in touch with each other. It provide very beneficial service in
hazard or emergency areas.
• On Demand Entertainment:
With the wireless communication services, one can demand any show,
movies, sports, game show, web series and can surf internet or download
any required information file anytime.
• Emergency Alerts:
It is possible to alert emergency situations quickly through wireless
communication. With the help of wireless communication, help and
assistance can reach the affected areas in emergency and crisis situation.
 ADVANTAGES OF WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION
• Accelerated Business Growth:
Wireless communication can increase the number of product sales
opportunities now a days. A single click on the ad can give you an
order.

• Industrial Use:
Not a single industry is there now a days that is working without
wireless communication services.

• Worldwide connectivity:
Wireless communication connects the world under one roof. Billions of
people are directly exchanging information through this technology in
Nano seconds.
 ADVANTAGES OF WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION
• Cost
The cost of installing wires, cables and other infrastructure is eliminated
in wireless communication and hence lowering the overall cost of the
system compared to wired communication system. Installing wired
network in building, digging up the Earth to lay the cables and running
those wires across the streets is extremely difficult, costly and time-
consuming job.
In historical buildings, drilling holes for cables is not a best idea
as it destroys the integrity and importance of the building. Also, in older
buildings with no dedicated lines for communication, wireless
communication like Wi-Fi or Wireless LAN is the only option.
• Mobility
As mentioned earlier, mobility is the main advantage of wireless
communication system. It offers the freedom to move around while still
connected to network.
Introduction to cellular
system
● Base Station (BS):
It is a fixed mobile radio system used for radio communication with
mobile stations on the other hand.
Base stations are situated at the center or on the edge of coverage area.
It consists of transmitter antenna, receiver antenna, radio channels
arranged on a single tower.

● Transceiver
It is a device which is capable to transmit and receive the signals at the
same time (i.e., simultaneously)

Transceiver = Transmitter + Receiver

Introduction to cellular
system
• Mobile Station (MS) :
Mobile stations are the moving stations in the wireless or cellular radio
service and it is used in motion at random locations.It can be held in
hands or can be installed in vehicles directly.

It is also known as User Equipment (UE).

● Control Channel :
The Control Channel (Frequency) is used for the control of call setup, call
request, call initiation and other signal for control purposes. These are
intended to carry signaling and synchronization data between base station
(BS) and the Mobile Station (MS).
Introduction to cellular system
• Voice Channel:
The Voice Channel (Frequency) is used for the transmission of voice
signal (speech) between Base Station and Mobile Station.
• Forward Channel:
The Forward Channel (Frequency) is used for the transmission of signal
from Base Station to Mobile Station. It can be Forward Control Channel
(FCC) or Forward Voice Channel (FVC).
Forward Channel : Base Station  Mobile Station
• Reverse Channel:
The Reverse Channel (Frequency) is used for the transmission of signal
from Mobile Station to Base Station. It can be Reverse Control Channel
(RCC) or Reverse Voice Channel (RVC).
Reverse Channel : Mobile Station  Base Station
Introduction to cellular
system
• Simplex System:
In this system, data can only be sent in one direction i.e., communication
is unidirectional. In this, we can not send a message back to the sender.
• Hand Off:
It is the process of transferring a call of mobile station from one channel
or base station to another without interruption. handover.
Introduction to cellular system
• Mobile Switching Center (MSC):
The MSC is used to provide route to all the calls in large service area. It
is the base of the Cellular Communication System as it manage or
control all the services within system.

• Functions:
o Switching of calls between subscribers
o Switching SMS between subscribers Tracking of BSC location of
subscribers
o Subscriber authentication & info
o Billing Management of each subscriber
 EM waves

• Electromagnetic waves or EM waves are waves that are created as a

result of vibrations between an electric field and a magnetic field. In
other words, EM waves are composed of oscillating magnetic and
electric fields.
• Electromagnetic waves are formed when an electric field comes in
contact with a magnetic field. They are hence known as
'electromagnetic' waves.
• The electric field and magnetic field of an electromagnetic wave are
perpendicular (at right angles) to each other.
 Property to EM waves

• They are deflected neither by the electric field, nor by the magnetic field.
However, they are capable of showing interference or diffraction. An
electromagnetic wave can travel through anything - be it air, a solid material
or vacuum. It does not need a medium to propagate or travel from one place
to another.

• EM waves are 'transverse' waves. This means that they are measured by their
amplitude (height) and wavelength (distance between the highest/lowest
points of two consecutive waves).The highest point of a wave is known as
'crest', whereas the lowest point is known as 'trough'. Electromagnetic waves
can be split into a range of frequencies. This is known as the electromagnetic
 Electromagnetic Frequency
Spectrum
• The EM frequency spectrum is divided into many subsections of
frequency bands and each band is having different name and
boundary (range).The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
and Federal Communication Commission (FCC) assign frequencies and
communication services for free radio propagation.
EM frequency Spectrum
 RF spectrum

• RF Spectrum (Designed by ITU)The total usable radio

frequencies (RF) spectrum is divided into narrower
frequency bands which are:
• Extremely low frequency (ELF) - 30 Hz to 300 Hz. Power
line frequencies and low end of human audio. Voice
frequency (VF) - 300 Hz to 3000 Hz. Typical range
associated with human voice. Human hearing - 20 Hz to
20 kHz.
• Very low frequency (VLF) - 3 kHz to 30 kHz. Used for
communications with submerged submarines.
• Low frequency (LF) - 30 kHz to 300 kHz. Long range radio
navigation.
 RF specturem

• RF Spectrum (Designed by ITU)

• Medium frequency (MF) 300 kHz to 3000 kHz. AM radio and long range communication.

• High frequency (HF) 3 MHz to 30 MHz. Known as "short wave", used by two-way radio.

• Very high frequency (VHF) 30 MHz to 300 MHz. Radio communications and FM radio.

• Ultra high frequency (UHF) 300 MHz to 3000 MHz. TV, military and cell phones.

• Super high frequency (SHF) 3 GHz to 30 GHz. Microwave. Satellite communications and radar.

• Extremely high frequency (EHF) 30 GHz to 300 GHz. Satellite communications.

Relation between frequency and
wave length
 Pagers

Long before we carried smartphones in our pockets, people kept in

touch with a pager clipped to their belts. It is easy to forget in today's
world of smartphones and our ability to communicate anytime,
anywhere, with anyone, that before the world of mobile phones life
was a bit different.
When a person ventured outside their office, home or business, they
were essentially out of contact for the duration of their journey, unless
they could access a public payphone. But there was one way to keep in
contact when people were 'out in the field', and that was the humble
pager.
 History of Pagers
The first paging-like system was developed by the Detroit Police Department
way back in 1921!It took seven years to develop the system, and it was a radio
that allowed for one- way radio communication with police patrol cars, which
was officially launched in 1928.But that system relied on radio, and it wasn't
until 1949.

These devices were not called pagers, and were only available for use by
doctors in New York in the 1950s.Regular members of the public couldn't get
them, and the FCC didn't officially approve the use of pagers for public use until
1958.But one famous tech company can be credited with driving the growing
pager market and that was Motorola.

Indeed, Motorola coined the term 'pager' in 1959 when it called its personal
radio communications product a pager, after it managed to combine elements
of Motorola's walkie-talkie and car radio technologies into the first
transistorized pager.
So what was it?
A pager was a small wireless telecommunications device that could
receive and display numeric messages.
Prior to the 1970s however, pagers could only play a tone, but a doctor
for example would know what action he or she had to take upon
hearing that tone, such as return immediately to the hospital.
Later versions could also receive and recite voice messages.• So early
versions were known as one-way pagers that could only receive
messages, but later models (known as two-way pagers), could also
reply to messages.
 Paging System: An Introduction
• Paging systems are one way communication systems that send brief
messages to a subscriber.
• Depending on the type of service, the message may be either a numeric
message, an alphanumeric message, or a voice message.
• Paging systems are typically used to notify a subscriber of the need to call
a particular telephone number or travel to a known location to receive
further instructions.
• In modern paging systems, news headlines, stock quotations, and faxes
may be sent.
• A message is sent to a paging subscriber via the paging system access
number (usually a toll-free telephone number) with a telephone keypad
or modem.
• The issued message is called a page.
• The paging system then transmits the page throughout the service area
using base stations which broadcast the page on a radio carrier.
 Types of Paging Systems

• Paging systems vary widely in their complexity and

coverage area.
• Simple Paging System
• Wide Area Paging System
• While simple paging systems may cover a limited range of 2
to 5 km, or may even be confined to within individual
buildings. Wide area paging systems can provide worldwide
coverage.
• Wide area paging systems consist of a network of
telephone lines, many base station transmitters, and large
radio towers that simultaneously broadcast a page from
each base station (this is called simulcasting).
wide area paging system
 Types of Paging Systems

• Though paging receivers are simple and inexpensive, the

transmission system required is quite sophisticated.
• Simulcast transmitters may be located within the same
service area or in different cities or countries.
• Paging systems are designed to provide reliable
communication to subscribers wherever they are; whether
inside a building, driving on a highway, or flying in an
airplane.
• This necessitates large transmitter powers (on the order of
kilowatts) and low data rates (a couple of thousand bits per
second) for maximum coverage from each base station.
 Function & Operation of Pager
• Paging is the service offered to meet the needs of a
subscriber.
• In general, all the pagers are given unique phone
numbers.
• When a phone number assigned to a pager from
telephone or modem is dialed, the calling party i.e.,
subscriber reaches a recorded greeting and it can
send a numeric message or voice message.
 Types of Pagers
• Beep Pagers:
These pagers were the first and the most simplest type of pagers. They are also known
as beepers because originally they made beeping noise only.
Current pagers in this category use other form of signals such as audio signals, tones,
lightning or vibrations.

• Voice / Tone Pagers:

These pagers provide the ability to listen recorded voice messages.

• Numeric Pagers:
these pagers provide only a numeric display for the phone number display or numeric
code display.

• Alphanumeric Pagers:
These pagers are the modified version of numeric pagers and consist of display that can
contain alphabets and numeric digits as output.
Cordless telephone
• Cordless Telephone Systems or portable telephone
systems are full duplex communication systems that
use radio to connect a portable handset to a
dedicated base station, which is also connected to a
dedicated telephone line with a specific telephone
number on PSTN.
• The fixed port of a cordless telephone is nothing but
the base unit on which cordless handset is placed, is
connected to a telephone line and an adapter to
produce a dc supply for various electronic circuits
inside the base unit.
• Unlike corded telephone, a cordless telephone a needs
mains electricity to power the base station. The cordless
handset is powered by a rechargeable battery, which is
charged when the handset sits in its cradle.
• The communication between the base unit and the
handset is wireless and the range is limited to 50 meters.
• In the base unit all call processing circuits like amplifiers
and also ring circuit is present. In addition a transceiver is
also present which is used for communication with the
handset.
• In handset also the transceiver along with an antenna,
amplifier, microphone and loud speaker are present
Block diagram of cordless telephone
system
Parts of cordless telephone system
 Parts of Cordless Telephone System
• The base is attached to the phone jack through a standard phone
wire connection, and as far as the phone system is concerned it
looks just like a normal phone. The base receives the incoming call
(as an electrical signal) through the phone line, converts it to an
FM radio signal and then broadcasts that signal.
• The handset receives the radio signal from the base, converts it to
an electrical signal and sends that signal to the speaker, where it is
converted into the sound you hear.
• When you talk, the handset broadcasts your voice through a
second FM radio signal back to the base. The base receives your
voice signal, converts it to an electrical signal and sends that signal
through the phone line to the other party.
• The base and handset operate on a frequency pair that allows you
to talk and listen at the same time, called duplex frequency
 Frequency Allocation
• To facilitate full duplex communication cordless
telephone operates on two different frequencies one
for transmit and another for receive. Base Unit
transmits in the range from 43-46 MHz and receives
in the 49 MHz range. Handset unit transmits in
49MHz range and receives in 43-46 MHz range.
• FCC has allocated about 25 duplex channels for
cordless telephone system. Here Frequency
modulation technique is employed.
• Maximum usable range between base unit and
portable unit is about 100 ft.
• Advanced cordless systems also have beed developed
which operates in PCS band from 902 to 928 MHz. There
are 4 basic advanced cordless telephone systems exist.
• The first category uses FM on channels in 900 MHz
frequency range.
• The second type operates in 900 MHz range and is
digital. ADPCM is used.
• The third type uses spread spectrum and operates at
902-928 MHz range.
• The fourth type uses spread spectrum and operates at
2.4GHz range.