CLC Image Processing 1 Introduction

All from Gonzalez-Woods.
CLC
One picture is worth more than ten thousand words Anonymous
Digital Image Processing, Rafael C. Gonzalez & Richard E. Woods, Addison-Wesley, 2002
Much of the material that follows is taken from this book. Thankful to authors.
This lecture will cover:

What is a digital image? What is digital image processing? History of digital image processing State of the art examples of digital image processing Key stages in digital image processing
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)
A digital image is a representation of a twodimensional image as a finite set of digital values, called picture elements or pixels
Pixel values typically represent gray levels, colours, heights, opacities (non-transparent area, as cornea ) etc Remember digitization implies that a digital image is an approximation of a real scene
1 pixel
Common image formats include:

1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale) 3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue) 4 samples per point (Red, Green, Blue, and Alpha, a.k.a. Opacity)
For most of this course we will focus on grey-scale images
Digital image processing focuses on two major tasks

Improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation Processing of image data for storage, transmission and representation for autonomous machine perception
Some argument about where image processing ends and fields such as image analysis and computer vision start
The continuum from image processing to computer vision can be broken up into low-, mid- and highlevel processes
Low Level Process Input: Image Output: Image Examples: Noise removal, image sharpening Mid Level Process Input: Image Output: Attributes Examples: Object recognition, segmentation High Level Process Input: Attributes Output: Understanding Examples: Scene understanding, autonomous navigation
In this course we will stop here
Early 1920s: One of the first applications of digital imaging was in the newspaper industry
The Bartlane cable picture transmission service Early digital image Images were transferred by submarine cable between London and New York Pictures were coded for cable transfer and reconstructed at the receiving end on a telegraph printer
Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to the Bartlane system resulted in higher quality images
New reproduction processes based on photographic techniques Increased number of tones in reproduced images
Improved digital image Early 15 tone digital image
1960s: Improvements in computing technology and the onset of the space race led to a surge of work in digital image processing
1964: Computers used to improve the quality of images of the moon taken by the Ranger 7 probe Such techniques were used in other space missions including the Apollo landings
A picture of the moon taken by the Ranger 7 probe minutes before landing
1970s: Digital image processing begins to be used in medical applications

1979: Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield & Prof. Allan M. Cormack share the Nobel Prize in medicine for the invention of tomography, the technology behind Computerised Axial Tomography (CAT) scans
Typical head slice CAT image
1980s - Today: The use of digital image processing techniques has exploded and they are now used for all kinds of tasks in all kinds of areas
Image enhancement/restoration Artistic effects Medical visualisation Industrial inspection Law enforcement Human computer interfaces
One of the most common uses of DIP techniques: improve quality, remove noise etc
Launched in 1990 the Hubble telescope can take images of very distant objects However, an incorrect mirror made many of Hubbles images useless Image processing techniques were used to fix this
Artistic effects are used to make images more visually appealing, to add special effects and to make composite images
Take slice from MRI scan of canine heart, and find boundaries between types of tissue
Image with gray levels representing tissue density Use a suitable filter to highlight edges
Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart
Edge Detection Image
Geographic Information Systems

Digital image processing techniques are used extensively to manipulate satellite imagery Terrain classification Meteorology
Night-Time Lights of the World data set

Global inventory of human settlement Not hard to imagine the kind of analysis that might be done using this data
Human operators are expensive, slow and unreliable Make machines do the job instead Industrial vision systems are used in all kinds of industries Can we trust them?
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection

Machine inspection is used to determine that all components are present and that all solder joints are acceptable Both conventional imaging and x-ray imaging are used
Image processing techniques are used extensively by law enforcers

Number plate recognition for speed cameras/automated toll systems Fingerprint recognition Enhancement of CCTV images
Try to make human computer interfaces more natural

Face recognition Gesture recognition
Does anyone remember the user interface from Minority Report? These tasks can be extremely difficult
Image Restoration
Morphological Processing
Image Enhancement
Segmentation
Image Acquisition
Object Recognition
Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression
Representation & Description
Image Restoration
Image Enhancement
Segmentation
Image Acquisition
Object Recognition
Image Restoration
Image Enhancement
Segmentation
Image Acquisition
Object Recognition
Image Restoration
Image Enhancement
Segmentation
Image Acquisition
Object Recognition
Image Restoration
Image Enhancement
Segmentation
Image Acquisition
Object Recognition
Image Restoration
Image Enhancement
Segmentation
Image Acquisition
Object Recognition
Image Restoration
Image Enhancement
Segmentation
Image Acquisition
Object Recognition
Image Restoration
Image Enhancement
Segmentation
Image Acquisition
Object Recognition
Image Restoration
Image Enhancement
Segmentation
Image Acquisition
Object Recognition
Image Restoration
Image Enhancement
Segmentation
Image Acquisition
Object Recognition
We have looked at:

What is a digital image? What is digital image processing? History of digital image processing State of the art examples of digital image processing Key stages in digital image processing

CLC Image Processing 1 Introduction

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All from Gonzalez-Woods.

One picture is worth more than ten thousand words Anonymous

This lecture will cover:

Common image formats include:

For most of this course we will focus on grey-scale images

Digital image processing focuses on two major tasks

In this course we will stop here

1970s: Digital image processing begins to be used in medical applications

Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart

Edge Detection Image

Geographic Information Systems

Night-Time Lights of the World data set

Printed Circuit Board (PCB) inspection

Image processing techniques are used extensively by law enforcers

Try to make human computer interfaces more natural

Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

Representation & Description

Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

Representation & Description

Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

Representation & Description

Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

Representation & Description

Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

Representation & Description

Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

Representation & Description

Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

Representation & Description

Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

Representation & Description

Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

Representation & Description

Problem Domain Colour Image Processing Image Compression

Representation & Description

We have looked at:

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