Fundamental Concepts and Definations unit 1 (6)

Fundamental Concepts and
Definations
Prof. Rohit.R.Kolekar
Thermodynamics
• Course code- BTMEC 305
• Credits- 4
• Total 100 marks out of which
• 20 marks Continuous Assessment
• 20 marks Mid Semester Exam
• 60 marks End Semester Exam
Thermodynamics
• Unit 1:Fundamental Concepts and Definitions
• Unit 2: First Law of Thermodynamics
• Unit 3: Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Unit 4: Entropy
• Unit 5: Availability
• Unit 6: Ideal Gas and Properties of Pure Steam
• Basically we come across many things in our
day to day life which is related with
thermodynamics like
• At home pressure cooker, refrigerator,
watering plant with pipe, gas, water heater,
water pump etc.
• While outside compressor, power plants,
nozzle, car washing centre, internal
combustion engine
For easy understanding a strong graphical and schematic support
is shown
At Home
Outside
Thermodynamics
• Thermodynamics is branch of science which deals
with heat and other forms of energy.
• Also it is study of transfer of energy, obtaining
energy and applying enegy.
• Thermodynamic System-
Thermodynamic systems
• Thermodynamic system is the area or space under
thermodynamic study where a thermodynamic
process is taking place.
• It has a system, system boundary and outside it a
surrounding.
• The Thermodynamic systems are classified in three
system.
• Open system
• Closed system
• Isolated system
Open system
• Open system- In open system there is mass(m)
exchange with the surrounding with the
energy(e) in the form of heat and work.
• Both m and e transfer.
• Ex Car engine, motor, boiler etc most of the
engineering devices are open system involving
flow of fluid through them.
Open system
• Open system- In open
system there is mass(m)
exchange with the
surrounding with the
energy(e) in the form of
heat and work.
• Both m and e transfer or
crosses the boundary.
• Ex Internal combustion
engine, water pump, boiler
etc most of the engineering
devices are open system
involving flow of fluid
through them.
Closed system
• In closed system only energy
in the form of heat or work
crosses the boundary but no
mass.
• only e transfer or crosses the
boundary but no m transfer.
• The mass within the system
remains constant but
physical or chemical
composition may change.
• Ex Battery, pressure cooker,
kitchen refrigerator etc.
Isolated system
• In isolated system there

no mass or energy
transfer across the
boundary.
• Both m and e is not
transferred or crosses
the boundary.
• Ex -Thermas
Thermodynamic properties
Thermodynamic properties
• Extensive properties- A • Intensive properties- A
quantity of a matter can be properties of a system is
divided into number of
not equal to the
parts, whose value for entire
system is equal to the sum properties of individual
of their values of individual parts.
parts. • Ex- Pressure,
• Ex- Total volume, total temperature and density.
mass and total energy.
Thermodynamic state, path, process and
cycle
• State- Initial state at no.1 and Final
state at no. 2
• Path- when a system passes through
the continuous series of equilibrium
states during a change of state then it
is known as path of change of state
like path A and path B.
• Process- when a system changes from
one equilibrium state to another
equilibrium state, then the path of
successive states through which the
system has passed is known as
thermodynamic process.
• Thermodynamic cycle- When a
process is performed on a system in
such away that the final state is
identical with the initial state it is
known as thermodynamic cycle 1-A-
2-B-1 is a cycle.
Quasi-static process
Quasi-static process
• When process is carried out in such way that at every instant the system
deviation from the thermodynamic equilibrium is very very small and each
state in the process may be considered as an equilibrium state.
• In the above figure consider a piston cylinder arrangement filled with gas.
Above the piston the numbers of weights which balances the upward force
exerted by the system. Also consider position A where the pressure is PA,
temperature is TA and volume VA.
• If the total weights are removed from the piston then the system becomes
unbalance with the piston due to which the pressure, temperature and
volume is not constant and system is not in equilibrium state refer diagram
2
• As the piston moves up and reaches at position B then the pressure is PB,
temperature is TB and volume VB.
• Now again at position A if the weights are removed very slowly, then at
any instant of the upward movement of the piston, the deviation of the
state from the thermodynamic equilibrium will be very small it is called as
qausi-static or qausi equilibrium process refer diagram 3
Thermodynamic view
Macroscopic view Microscopic view
• In Macroscopic approach, a • In Microscopic approach, a
certain quantity of matter is certain quantity of matter is
considered with the event
considered without the occurring at the molecular
event occurring at the
molecular level.
• .
• It is also called as classical
• Like every molecule moves
thermodynamics with different velocity having
different pressure and
temperature.
• It is also called as Statistical
thermodynamics
Properties of pure steam
• Types of Steam
Wet Steam
Dry Steam
Superheated Steam
• Pure substance- IT is substance which is
homogenous in nature, homogenous in
composition Ex- water , ice etc.
P-T Diagram and Triple point
P-V-T Diagram
Critical Point
• Critical point, in physics, the set of conditions under
which a liquid and its vapour become identical . For
each substance, the conditions defining the critical
point are the critical temperature, the critical
pressure, and the critical density.
• Triple Point- In thermodynamics, the triple point of a
substance is the temperature and pressure at which
the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that
substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.
Formation of steam
Sensible heat and latent heat
Dryness Fraction
• Dryness Fraction: The term dryness fraction is
related with wet steam. It is definedas the
ratio of the mass of actual dry steam to the
mass of steam containing it. It is
usuallyexpressed by the symbol 'x' or 'q'. If.
ms=Mass of dry steam contained in steam
considered and.
Sensible heat and latent heat
• Latent heat is defined as the heat or energy that is
absorbed or released during a phase change of a
substance. It could either be from a gas to a liquid or
liquid to solid and vice versa. Latent heat is related to a
heat property called enthalpy.
• Sensible heat is literally the heat that can be felt. It is
the energy moving from one system to another that
changes the temperature rather than changing its
phase. For example, it warms water rather than
melting ice.
• 1. A vessel of volume 0.04 m3 contains a mixture of saturated water and steam
at a temperature of 250°C. The mass of the liquid present is 9 kg. Find the
pressure, mass, specific volume, enthalpy, entropy and internal energy.
[April/May 2012,2015]
• Given Data:
• Volume, V = 0.04 m3
• Temperature, T = 250°C
• Mass, m = 9 kg
• To find:
• 1) p, 2) m, 3) v, 4) h, 5) S,6) ΔU
• From the Steam tables corresponding to 250°C, vf = v1 = 0.001251 m3/kg
• vg = vs = 0.050037 m3/kg p = 39.776 bar
• Total volume occupied by the liquid,
• V1 = m1 × v1
• = 9 × 0.001251
• = 0.0113 m3.
• Total volume of the vessel,
• V = Volume of liquid + Volume of steam
• = V1 + VS
• 0.4 = 0.0113 + VS
• VS = 0.0287 m3.
• Mass of steam, ms = VS / vs
• = 0.0287 / 0.050037
• = 0.574 kg.
• Mass of mixture of liquid and steam, m = m1 + ms
• = 9 + 0.574
• = 9.574 kg.
• Total specific volume of the mixture,
• = 0.04 / 9.574
• = 0.00418 m3 / kg.
We know that,
v = vf + x vfg
0.00418 = 0.001251 + x (0.050037 –0.001251) x = 0.06
From Steam table corresponding to 250 °C, hf = 1085.8 KJ / kg
hfg = 1714.6 KJ / kg
sf = 2.794 KJ / kg K
sfg = 3.277 KJ / kg K.
Enthalpy of mixture,
h = hf + x hfg
= 1085.8 + 0.06 × 1714.6
First Law of Thermodynamics
• Energy neither being created nor being
destroyed. It can only transform from one to
another.
• The devices which comes under 1st law are
• Nozzle, turbine, boiler, compressor,
condenser, heat exchanger, evaporator etc.
• Steady flow , unsteady flow
• SFEE
Steady Flow Energy Equation
• INLET = OUTLET Flow Work = PMM1

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Fundamental Concepts and

• In isolated system there

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