1.

Introduction to Stress Tensor

2. TYPES OF STRESSES
3. STRUCTURAL FAILURES
4. 3D STATE OF STRESS.
5. Introduction to Cartesian stress components
6. 2-D and 3-D stresses
7. Strain Matrix and Principal strain planes
8. Stress invariants

Prepared by:
Dr. Sanjay Kumar
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering
JC Bose University of Science and Technology
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Introduction to Stress Tensor
• All Scalar qualities are First Order Tensor.
• All vector qualities are First Order Tensor.
 Introduction to Cartesian tensors

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 3- D State of Stresses

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 Introduction to Cartesian stress
components

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CAUCHY’S STRESS FORMULA
The tetrahedron is isolated and a free body
diagram is shown in Fig.
CAUCHY’S STRESS FORMULA
Cauchy’s Stress equations
Cauchy’s stress equation can be written in
the matrix form as
CAUCHY’S STRESS FORMULA -PROBLEM
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Vector method to find principle
stresses and stress Invariants
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 Principal Shear
- Principal shear stress, τ1, τ2 and τ3 stress
are define in analogy with the principal
stresses.
- The principal shear stresses occurs along
the direction that bisect any two of the
three principal axes.
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 Stress Invariants

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Problem 1

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Problem 2

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 Problem 3
The state of stresses at a point is given by the Cartesian
stresses tensor:
 2 1 1
   1 3  1 MPa
 1  1 2 

Find the following

1. The three stress invariants
2. Characteristic equation
3. Principal stress
4. Any one normal to the principal plane
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Problem 4

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 Strain Matrix

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 Concept of Strain

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STRAIN

Displacement Field
The displacement undergone by any point on a body
can be expressed as a function of original
coordinates. The displacement field U is expressed as
U = ui + vj+ wk

This function is known as displacement field vector

where, u = f1(x,y,z)
v = f2(x,y,z)

w = f3(x,y,z)

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STRAIN COMPONENTS (STRAIN – DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS)

Strain Component along x direction,

Strain Component along y direction,

Strain Component along z direction,

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STRAIN COMPONENTS (STRAIN – DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS)

Shear Strain in the xy plane,

Shear Strain in the yz plane,

Shear Strain in the xz plane,

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STRAIN DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS – (LINEAR TERMS ONLY)

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STATE OF STRAIN AND STRAIN TENSOR AT A POINT

State of Strain at a point Strain Tensor

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ANALOGY BETWEEN STRESS AND STRAIN TENSOR - 1

STRESS TENSOR STRAIN TENSOR

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ANALOGY BETWEEN STRESS AND STRAIN TENSOR - 2

This is analogous to the stress relation:

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ANALOGY BETWEEN STRESS AND STRAIN TENSOR - 3

STRAIN TRANSFORMATION EQUATION

The above Transformation equations can be

written in the Matrix Form as:

This is analogous to

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ANALOGY BETWEEN STRESS AND STRAIN TENSOR - 4
PRINCIPAL STRAIN

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ANALOGY BETWEEN STRESS AND STRAIN TENSOR - 4
PRINCIPAL STRAIN

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NOTE-1

Stress invariants in terms of •Strain invariants in terms of

Principal Stresses: Principal Strains:

I 1 = σ1 + σ2 + σ3
•J1 = Є 1 + Є 2 + Є 3
I 2 = σ1 σ2 + σ2 σ3 + σ1
•J2 = Є 1 Є 2 + Є 2 Є 3 + Є 1 Є 3
σ3 I 3 = σ1 σ2 σ3
•J3 = Є 1 Є 2 Є 3

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RIGID BODY ROTATIONS

Rotation about the x axis:

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RIGID BODY ROTATIONS

Rotation about the y axis:

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RIGID BODY ROTATIONS

Rotation about the z axis:

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MAX SHEAR STRESS & STRAIN

Maximum Shear Stress:

Maximum Shear Strain:

Principal Strain for 2D state of strain

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 The state of strain at a point is given by

In the direction PQ having cosines nx = 0.6; ny = 0 and nz =

0.8; Determine

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 The displacement field for a body is given below

Determine the principal strains at (3,1,-2) and the direction

of minimum strain. Use only linear terms

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COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS

COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS

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COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS

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COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS

The three displacement components and six strain components

are related by six strain displacement relations of Cauchy.

The determination of six strain components from three

displacement components involves only differentiation.

However the reverse operation that is determination of three

displacement components from six strain components is more
complicated. Since it involves integrating six equations to obtain 3
functions.

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COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS

Therefore all strain components cannot be prescribed arbitrarily

and there must exist a definite relation among the strain
components. This relation among strain components is called

compatibility equations

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COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS

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COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS

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COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS

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COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS

II

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COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS

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COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS

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COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS

COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS

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COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS

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COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS

The three displacement components and six strain components

are related by six strain displacement relations of Cauchy.

The determination of six strain components from three

displacement components involves only differentiation.

However the reverse operation that is determination of three

displacement components from six strain components is more
complicated. Since it involves integrating six equations to obtain 3
functions.

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COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS

Therefore all strain components cannot be prescribed arbitrarily

and there must exist a definite relation among the strain
components. This relation among strain components is called

compatibility equations

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COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS

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COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS

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COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS

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COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS

II

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COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS

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COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS

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